Although past Indian reformers thought complete assimilation in white culture was in the best interest of their communities, the Society of American Indians promoted – and a common cause of remedying injustices and preserving some aspects of Native culture. Specifically, the Society advocated for better – opportunities for Indians and limiting the influence the – had over Native communities.spiritualspecific tribal allegiancesorganizationalU.S. ArmyeducationalBureau of Indian Affairspan-Indian identity

Who founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968 to achieve self-determination and the revival of tribal traditions?*1 pointa. César Chávezb. Phyllis Schlaflyc. Betty Friedand. American Indian leaders

On what did the European settlers base their belief that the Indians were savages?A.Religious diversityB.Cultural differencesC.Indian weaponryD.Education methods

How did Arthur C. Parker and other early-twentieth-century Indian activists challenge the popular concept of Indian backwardness?

How did Native Americans’ conceptions of the spiritual world influence their daily lives?Most Native North Americans were animists who believed that the natural world was suffused with spiritual power. They interpreted dreams and visions to understand the world, and their rituals appeased guardian spirits to ensure successful hunts and other forms of good fortune. Although their views were subject to countless local variations, certain patterns were widespread.Women and men interacted differently with these spiritual forces. In farming communities, women grew crops and maintained hearth, home, and village. Native American ideas about female power linked their bodies’ generative functions with the earth’s fertility, and rituals like the Green Corn Ceremony — a summer ritual of purification and renewal — helped to sustain the life-giving properties of the world around themFor men, spiritual power was invoked in hunting and war. To ensure success in hunting, men took care not to offend the spirits of the animals they killed. They performed rituals before, during, and after a hunt to acknowledge the power of those guardian spirits, and they believed that, when an animal had been killed properly, its spirit would rise from the earth unharmed. Success in hunting and prowess in war were both interpreted as signs of sacred protection and power.Ideas about war varied widely. War could be fought for geopolitical reasons — to gain ground against an enemy — but for many groups, warfare was a crucial rite of passage for young men, and raids were conducted to allow warriors to prove themselves in battle. Motives for war could be highly personal; war was often more like a blood feud between families than a contest between nations. If a community lost warriors in battle, it might retaliate by capturing or killing a like number of warriors in response — a so-called mourning war. Some captives were adopted into new communities, while others were enslaved or tortured.

On the Way to the MissionNote: This essay is a historical document that contains the word “Indian” in reference to people Indigenous to North America. In earlier times, this was considered an acceptable term for referring to Indigenous people, but today the term is outdated and inappropriate unless reading directly from a historical document or work of literature. Any questions related to this passage will use more appropriate terminology unless it is directly quoting the passage.They dogged him all one afternoonThrough the bright snow,Two white men, servants of greed;He knew that they were there,But he turned not his head;He was an Indian trapper;He planted his snow-shoes firmly,He dragged the long tobogganWithout rest.The three figures driftedLike shadows in the mind of a seer;The snow-shoes were the whisperersOn the threshold of awe;The toboggan made the sound of wings,A wood pigeon sloping to her nest.The Indian’s face was calm,He strode with the sorrow of fore-knowledge.But his eyes were jewels of contentSet in circles of peace.They would have shot him;But momently in the deep forest,They saw something flit by his side;Their hearts stopped with fear.Then the moon rose.They would have left him to the spirit,But they saw the long tobogganRounded well with furs,With many a silver fox-skin,With the pelts of mink and otter,They were the servants of greed;When the moon grew brighterAnd the spruces were dark with sleet.They shot him.When he fell on a shield of moonlightOne of his arms clung to his burden;The snow was not melted:The spirit passed away—Then the servants of greedTore off the cover to count their gains;They shuddered away into the shadows,Hearing each the loud heart of the other,Silence was born.There in the tender moonlight,As sweet as they were in life,Glimmered the ivory featuresOf the Indian’s wife.In the manner of Montagnais womenHer hair was rolled with braid;Under her waxen fingersA crucifix was laid.He was drawing her down to the mission,To bury her there in the spring,When the blood root comes and the windflowerTo silver everything.But as a gift of plunderSide by side were they laid,The moon went on with her settingAnd covered them with shade.—by D. C. ScottThe phrase “A wood pigeon sloping to her nest” contains an example ofasimile bmetaphorcalliteration dpersonification