Which of the following is not a method for achieving synchronization in concurrent systems?a.Locking mechanismsb.Scheduling algorithmsc.Message passingd.Atomic operations

b. Scheduling algorithms

This is not a method for achieving synchronization in concurrent systems. Synchronization in concurrent systems is about coordinating the execution of threads to produce a consistent result. This is typically achieved through mechanisms like locks, message passing, and atomic operations.

On the other hand, scheduling algorithms are used to manage the execution of threads or processes on the CPU, deciding which thread or process should run at a given time. While scheduling can have an impact on the behavior of concurrent systems, it is not a method for achieving synchronization.