A process by which cells break polymers down into smaller units is

The process by which cells break polymers down into smaller units is called hydrolysis.

Here are the steps of this process:

1. Hydrolysis begins when a water molecule comes into contact with a polymer.

2. The water molecule splits into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-).

3. The polymer chain also breaks, creating an open spot on each of the two polymer ends.

4. The hydrogen ion (H+) attaches to one end of the broken polymer chain, and the hydroxide ion (OH-) attaches to the other end.

5. This process continues along the polymer chain, breaking it down into its individual monomer units.

This process is essential in many biological systems. For example, it helps in the digestion of food, where large molecules are broken down so they can be absorbed by the body.