It seems like you're asking about the hardware protocols used to tackle cache coherence problems. There are several protocols used for this purpose:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to its cache. When a processor updates a block, the directory either updates its own copy to maintain consistency or invalidates other copies in other caches.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol is based on the concept of 'snooping', which means to look at what others are doing. In this case, when a cache makes a change to its local copy of data, it broadcasts this change to all other caches on the bus. The other caches then 'snoop' on this change and update their local copies accordingly.

3. MESI Protocol: The MESI protocol stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid. It's a type of snoopy protocol that reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a state to tell whether the block is shared or not. If a block is not shared, it does not need to send a broadcast message when it changes the block.

Each of these protocols has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one to use depends on the specific requirements of the system.

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It seems like you're asking about the hardware protocols used to tackle cache coherence problems. There are several protocols used for this purpose:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to its cache. When a processor updates a block, the directory either updates its own copy to maintain consistency or invalidates other copies in other caches.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol is based on the concept of 'snooping', which means to look at what others are doing. In this case, when a cache makes a change to its local copy of data, it broadcasts this change to all other caches on the bus. The other caches then 'snoop' on this change and update their local copies accordingly.

3. MESI Protocol: The MESI protocol stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid. It's a type of snoopy protocol that reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a state to tell whether the block is shared or not. If a block is not shared, it does not need to send a broadcast message when it changes the block.

Each of these protocols has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one to use depends on the specific requirements of the system.

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It seems like you're asking about the hardware protocols used to tackle cache coherence problems. There are several protocols used for this purpose:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to its cache. When a processor updates a block, the directory either updates its own copy to maintain consistency or invalidates other copies in other caches.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol is based on the concept of 'snooping', which means to look at what others are doing. In this case, when a cache makes a change to its local copy of data, it broadcasts this change to all other caches on the bus. The other caches then 'snoop' on this change and update their local copies accordingly.

3. MESI Protocol: The MESI protocol stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid. It's a type of snoopy protocol that reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a state to tell whether the block is shared or not. If a block is not shared, it does not need to send a broadcast message when it changes the block.

Each of these protocols has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one to use depends on the specific requirements of the system.

Hardware Protocol used to tackle Cache Coherence problemsans.is Directory Protocol onlyare (a) and (b) is Snoopy Protocol onlyis MESI protocol only

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