The two general methods used for the preparation of ointments include which of the following: A. mixing and pressing B. fusion and incorporation C. traction and expulsion D. levigation and trituration

In addition to the USP quality standards for ointments, ophthalmic ointments must also meet quality standards for sterility and absence of metal particles. Which of the following methods of sterilization are used for ophthalmic ointments? there are no good terminal sterilization methods for ophthalmic ointments, so the components are sterilized separately and then processed together aseptically, preservatives are added when called for ophthalmic ointments are sterilized by filtration opthalmic ointments are sterilized by dry heat sterilization in a depyrogenation oven ophthalmic ointments are sterilized by autoclaving

Aqueous solution can be incorporated into ointment bases in the followingAscending  order (from less to more water incorporated with ease) .Question 22AnswerWater-soluble ⇒ Water-removable  ⇒  Absorption   ⇒ Oleaginous  Water-soluble ⇒ Absorption ⇒ Water-removable  ⇒ Oleaginous   Oleaginous ⇒ Absorption  ⇒ Water-removable  ⇒ Water-solubleOleaginous ⇒ Water-soluble ⇒ Absorption ⇒ Water-removable  Absorption ⇒ Oleaginous ⇒ Water-soluble ⇒  Water-removable

V. Questions:1. What are the different methods of preparing emulsions? Describe each.

Matching 1. Dermatological 2. Transdermal 3. Ointment 4. Oleaginous 5. Fusion 6. Floccules 7. High Shear Mixing 8. Percutaneous 9. TDDS 10.Plaster 11. Thixotrope 12. Membrane Control 13. Permeability 14. Monolithic A. Physical emulsification of immiscible liquids using a rapidly spinning rotor forcing the liquids together through a stationary piece that has holes, slots or grooves to break up droplets or particles into smaller and smaller particles B. This type of gel must be shaken well to liquefy it so it can be poured C. These have adhesives spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic D. Trans dermal drug delivery systems are designed for this type of absorption E. A drug-polymer matrix layer is between the backing and the front layers, rate of absorption is controlled by the polymer matrix F. The rate of drug absorption is constant as long as the drug solution in the reservoir is saturated, due to this G. This increases when a chemical enhancer is a component of a TDDS H. This type of product delivers the drug to the general circulation I. For this type of product, skin is the target organ J. Semisolid preparation that may be medicated or not, it is intended for external application K. Components are melted together and stirred, with non-melted components added as the mixture cools until it congeals L. Describes a hydrocarbon base that is generally hydrophobic and feels oily or greasy M. These support the passage of the drug into general circulation using the design features of the system in concert with the skin structure N. Small flakes

Which of the following are considered when choosing an ointment base to use in the preparation of a medicated ointment product: Select all that apply. A. How much the drug improves the color and consistency of the ointment base B. How fast the drug should be released from the ointment for best therapeutic effect C. Whether the drug is for topical application or percutaneous absorption D. Whether the drug is stable in the ointment base