The primary ketone found in the body:Group of answer choicessuccinatecitratebeta-hydroxybutyratemaltate

Which functional group is found in a ketone?A.EtherB.CarbonylC.HydroxylD.Ester

Which ONE of the following ketone bodies cannot be used to make ATP?Group of answer choicesAcetoneAcetyl CoABeta hydroxybutyrateAcetoacetate

What molecules are known ketone bodies? Does taking excess ketones (as in the Fat Burner pill) cause ketosis?

Although the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is commonly associated with the pathologic condition diabetic ketoacidosis, its most recognized physiologic function is as an alternative fuel source produced by the liver when glucose is sparse.  More recently, evidence has emerged that BHB also serves as a signaling and regulatory molecule that is associated with protection against the effects of aging, inflammation, and neuronal excitotoxicity.BHB released from the liver is taken up by muscle, brain, and other peripheral tissues, where it is trafficked to the mitochondria.  BHB is reversibly converted to acetoacetyl-CoA (Figure 1), which can then be processed through β-oxidation.  Because BHB is processed in the mitochondria, the cytosolic NAD+ pool is preserved.  In addition to its use as a redox cofactor, cytosolic NAD+ also acts as a substrate for the sirtuin and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes; by preserving the cytosolic NAD+ pool, increased BHB levels enhance the anti-aging and anti-apoptotic effects of the sirtuin and PARP enzymes.Figure 1  Conversion of BHB to acetoacetyl-CoABHB acts directly as an agonist for several receptors, including the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2), a Gi-coupled G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) that upon activation inhibits adenylyl cyclase and its downstream effectors.  In adipocytes, BHB-mediated activation of HCAR2 reduces lipolysis, decreasing serum levels of proinflammatory free fatty acids.  In the colonic epithelium, HCAR2 activation is critical in the maintenance of gut membrane integrity.  In this way, BHB acts similarly to the short-chain fatty acids (eg, butyric acid), produced from fermentation of dietary fiber, in protecting gut health.Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain BHB's action as a neuroprotectant against excitotoxicity.  In glutamatergic neurons, BHB inhibits vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), inhibiting the packaging of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.  In GABAergic neurons, BHB infusion stimulates production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreases α-ketoglutarate levels. Question 40Based on the passage, hepatocytes (ie, liver cells) that are producing BHB are also most likely to have:A.downregulated phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK2) activity.B.downregulated phosphorylase kinase activity.C.upregulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity.D.upregulated glycogen synthase activity.

What nutrient is used to form ketones?