1. What components make up a functional enzyme?

A functional enzyme is primarily composed of two parts:

1. Apoenzyme: This is the protein part of the enzyme. It is inactive by itself and requires a cofactor to become an active enzyme.

2. Cofactor: This is a non-protein component that activates the enzyme. Cofactors can be organic molecules, known as coenzymes, or inorganic ions.

When the apoenzyme and cofactor combine, they form a holoenzyme, which is the active, functional form of the enzyme.

In addition to these components, some enzymes may also have additional sites known as allosteric sites. These sites allow molecules to bind to the enzyme and influence its activity, either increasing or decreasing it.