In the early 1900s, California citrus growers sprayed their trees with cyanide gas to kill scale insects. By 1914, some scale insects were surviving the spraying, and eventually the whole population showed resistance to cyanide. Which of the following statements best explains how resistance to cyanide spread in the scale insect population

MATERIALS AND METHODSField sampling of citrus tissues. Leaves, stems and roots from40 trees were collected in March for three consecutive years (2016,2017, and 2018) from four different citrus orchards in Florida(Supplementary Table S1). Prior to sampling each year, trees wereassessed for HLB severity using a 1-to-5 disease rating (DR) scale,where 1 = vigorous with slight symptoms, 2 = slight decline, 3 =moderate decline, 4 = severe decline, and 5 = dead or dying, aspreviously reported (Ginnan et al. 2018; Rouse et al. 2010). Wedesigned our sampling time to coincide with maximum annual ‘Ca.L. asiaticus’ titers, which typically occurs in March (Blaustein et al.2017). Each tree was divided into four quadrants (north, south, east,and west) and stems with attached, fully expanded leaves were2collected from each of the quadrants and pooled. Feeder rootswere sampled from two sides of the tree approximately 0.5 m awayfrom the base of the trunk and sealed in a plastic bag. Gloves werechanged and clippers and shovels were sterilized with 30%household bleach between each tree that was sampled. All sampleswere immediately placed on ice in a cooler for transit to the lab-oratory, where they were placed at 4°C and processed within 24 haccording to Ginnan et al. (2018). Samples were stored at _80°Cand then lyophilized with a benchtop freeze dryer (LabconcoFreeZone 4.5L; Labconco, Kansas City, MO, U.S.A.) for 16 to 20 h.The lyophilized tissue was shipped to the University of CaliforniaRiverside (United States Department of Agriculture permit P526P-16-00352) on dry ice.

A farmer is spraying a gaseous hormone that promotes fruit growth and ripening. It isA Auxin B Ethylene C Cytokinin D Abscisic acid

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:In 2023, scientists detected poison among the molecules emanating from Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.The poison is a deadly colorless gas called hydrogen cyanide.Hydrogen cyanide is an important precursor for proteins that are needed to make up RNA and DNA, the basic building blocks of life.Two decades ago Enceladus was icy and inhospitable. The student wants to present the significance of scientists detecting hydrogen cyanide on the moon of Saturn. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?Even though two decades ago Enceladus was icy and inhospitable, scientists detected poison emanating from the moon in 2023.eliminateDespite being icy and inhospitable, Enceladus might have the right chemistry to foster life.eliminateThe presence of hydrogen cyanide emanating from Enceladus could indicate that the moon contains the chemical building blocks for life.eliminateEven though hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas, it is an important precursor for proteins that are needed to make up RNA and DNA.

Bemisia tabaci, also known as silverleaf whiteflies, are agricultural pests that pose a threat to a wide-range of crops. Tomato plants are particularly susceptible to the flies. A team of researchers led by Dr. Xiao-Ping Yu found when silverleaf whiteflies attack tomato plants, the plants release an odor which indicates to nearby tomato plants that the plant is under attack from a fungus or bacteria. Dr. Yu and his colleagues hypothesize that this warning suppresses the plants' ability to resist the insects, since they are focusing on protecting themselves from pathogens rather than insects. Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' hypothesis?Silverleaf whiteflies are particularly dangerous to plants because they are transmitters of bacterial pathogens.eliminateWhen exposed to silverleaf whiteflies, the likelihood of a tomato plant surviving a growing season decreases by nearly 50%.eliminateIsolated tomato plants prove more resistant to silverleaf whitefly attacks than ones found in groups of tomato plants.eliminateTomato plants thrive more readily in areas with low silverleaf whitefly populations.

All-Natural Pest PreventionLee Washington1As the weather becomes warmer and people travel outside more often, daring pests creep indoors to explore kitchens and pantries. It is important to know that insects and mice can contribute to the spread of germs and diseases. At the very least, these pests can damage food supplies or cause itchy bug bites. From the largest mice to the tiniest fleas, these creatures can turn a peaceful home into a crawling nightmare!2Many people, however, hesitate to use commercial sprays near children and pets or in places where they store food. The harsh chemicals in these sprays can cause serious injuries if they aren’t used properly. Luckily, there is now another choice for people who want to avoid these dangerous chemicals. The experts at Growing Garden Supply are happy to help you discover all-natural ways of keeping these creatures outdoors, where they belong.3This week, pots of peppermint and lavender plants are on sale. These herbs not only let off fragrant scents, but they also can be used to keep pests out of your home. Place a pot of lavender in the kitchen to ward off mice and use mint as an all-purpose pest remover. The scent of crushed mint leaves is unpleasant for mice, ants, and fleas. Sprinkle a few along the edge of your home to discourage pests from entering. Happily, mint leaves are completely safe for humans to eat. Try some in a cup of tea, or use them to add flavor to baked goods.4After seeing the great results from the mint and lavender plants, why not start an entire garden of plants that are unappealing to pests? Growing Garden Supply has an excellent selection of bitter cucumber seeds and garlic bulbs. Slices of cucumbers and garlic can help chase away ugly roaches and mosquitoes, and the leftovers taste wonderful in summer salads and pasta dishes.5People who are eager for an immediate fix to their pest problems might prefer a liquid spray. Fortunately, we have many plant oils and spray bottles in stock! Some of these essential oils can be combined for an even greater effect. Remember, essential oils cannot be stored in plastic or metal for long periods—the oils will eat away at the container. Instead, check out Growing Garden Supply’s impressive collection of beautiful glass jars, available in a variety of shapes and sizes. This will solve all of your oil storage problems.6Once the house is free of pests, consider natural ways of keeping wildlife from attacking your garden and yard. Choosing the right plants to grow together can be a natural way of keeping hungry caterpillars and rabbits away. Ask our specially trained employees for more helpful suggestions on pest prevention both in and outside the home.Question 1Which best describes the point of view of the author in this passage?ResponsesA The author believes that essential oils are essentially a scam.The author believes that essential oils are essentially a scam.B The author believes that pests can be prevented using all natural methods.The author believes that pests can be prevented using all natural methods.C The author believes that all natural pest prevention is not as effective as chemical preventatives.The author believes that all natural pest prevention is not as effective as chemical preventatives.D The author believes that a mix of chemical and all-natural pest preventatives is most effective for garden care.The author believes that a mix of chemical and all-natural pest preventatives is most effective for garden care.Question 2Which two quotations from the passage best support the idea that all-natural pest preventatives can be effective?ResponsesA Happily, mint leaves are completely safe for humans to eat.Happily, mint leaves are completely safe for humans to eat.B This week, pots of peppermint and lavender plants are on sale.This week, pots of peppermint and lavender plants are on sale.C The scent of crushed mint leaves is unpleasant for mice, ants, and fleas.The scent of crushed mint leaves is unpleasant for mice, ants, and fleas.D People who are eager for an immediate fix to their pest problems might prefer a liquid spray.People who are eager for an immediate fix to their pest problems might prefer a liquid spray.E Place a pot of lavender in the kitchen to ward off mice and use mint as an all-purpose pest remover.