Identify the laws of conservation that are represented by Kirchhoff’s circuit laws.

36 Kirchhoff’s first and second laws are consequences of the conservation of different quantities.What are those quantities?Kirchhoff’sfirst lawKirchhoff’ssecond lawA charge energyB energy currentC current chargeD energy charge37 A potentiometer circuit is used to determine the electromotive force (e.m.f.) EX of a cell. Thecircuit includes a second cell of known e.m.f. E0 and negligible internal resistance, and a uniformresistance wire PQ of known length.EX is less than E0.The movable connection J can be positioned anywhere along the length of the resistance wire.Which circuit is suitable for determining EX ?PE0EXAQJ PE0EXQJPE0EXCQJDPE0EXBQJ17© UCLES 2022 9702/12/M/J/2238 In an experiment on -particle scattering, -particles are directed at a thin gold foil. Most of the-particles pass straight through the foil or are deflected by a small angle. A small number of-particles are deflected by a large angle.Which statement cannot be deduced from this experiment?A Atoms are mostly empty space.B Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.C The nucleus of an atom contains protons.D The nucleus of an atom is small compared to the size of an atom.39 Four nuclei are represented below.E2814 G2515 M2512 Q2413Which statement about these nuclei is correct?A An uncharged atom of element Q has 24 orbital electrons.B Nuclei G and M are isotopes of the same element.C When E absorbs a neutron and then emits an-particle, E transforms into M.D When M emits a – particle, M transforms into Q.40 A neutron is composed of one up (u) quark and two down (d) quarks. When a neutron decays toa proton, a beta-particle is emitted.What is the change in the quark structure of the neutron due to the emission of the beta-particle?(The symbol for a neutrino is e and for an antineutrino is e .)A d  u + – + eB d  u + – + eC u  d + + + eD u  d + + + e

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.[1] This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of James Clerk Maxwell. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws. These laws can be applied in time and frequency domains and form the basis for network analysis.Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of Maxwell's equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are very large compared to the circuits.

Kirchhoff Current LawKCL or Kirchhoffs current law or Kirchhoffs first law states that the total current in a closed circuit, the entering current at node is equal to the current leaving at the node or the algebraic sum of current at node in an electroni

State Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Rule