The following graph illustrates a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left. It can be caused by:This graph illustrates an inflationary gap and a contractionary monetary policy.Select all that apply:contractionary monetary policyexpansionary monetary policypro-cyclical monetary policycountercyclical monetary policy

The shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left can be caused by a contractionary monetary policy. This policy is used to decrease the amount of money in circulation, which can lead to a decrease in consumer spending and investment, thus shifting the aggregate demand curve to the left.

On the other hand, a pro-cyclical monetary policy is one that amplifies the business cycle by increasing the money supply during an economic upturn and decreasing it during a downturn. This would not necessarily cause a shift to the left in the aggregate demand curve.

A countercyclical monetary policy is one that works against the business cycle. It involves decreasing the money supply during an economic upturn and increasing it during a downturn. This policy could potentially shift the aggregate demand curve to the left if it is implemented during an economic upturn.

An expansionary monetary policy, which involves increasing the money supply to stimulate economic growth, would typically shift the aggregate demand curve to the right, not the left.

So, the applicable options are:

• Contractionary monetary policy
• Countercyclical monetary policy (if implemented during an economic upturn)