The idea that dinosaurs are most closely related to lizards and other reptiles is ------- since it fails to account for the broad similarities between theropod dinosaurs (like Tyrannosaurus rex) and modern avian theropods, including hollow bones and tri-clawed feet. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?derivativeeliminatedubiouseliminateingeniouseliminatetragic

Some scientists have suggested that organisms from the Precambrian era did not significantly ------- modern life, but others point out that soft-bodied creatures like worms and jellyfish did in fact have similar structures to the modern-day versions of those creatures. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?negateeliminatesupporteliminatecontradicteliminateresemble

Many people consider paleontologists’ research interests to be largely -------, but in fact paleontology is not solely the study of dinosaurs but the study of ancient life. As such, paleontologists’ research can relate to anything older than 10,000 years and often includes fossils left behind not just from dinosaurs but also leaves, fungi, bacteria, pollen, and a range of mammals, birds, and fish.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?uniformeliminatepeculiareliminateinexplicableeliminatediverseeliminateScratch BoardDo your scratch work hereClear00:19:17

Throughout the earlier part of the 20th century, it was widely (and perfectly reasonably) assumed that dinosaurs were a group of extinct reptiles. Admittedly, some were dramatically large or rather outlandish looking compared to modern reptiles, but they were crucially still reptiles. In the 19th century, Richard Owen (and Georges Cuvier before him) had confirmed that dinosaurs were anatomically most similar to living reptiles, creatures such as lizards and crocodiles. On this basis it was inferred, logically, that most of their biological attributes would have been similar, if not identical, to those of these living reptiles: they laid shelled eggs, had scaly skins and had a ‘cold-blooded’, or ectothermic, physiology.This combination of attributes created an entirely unexceptional view of dinosaurs: they were large, scaly, but crucially slow-witted and sluggish creatures. Their habits were assumed to be similar to those of lizards, snakes and crocodiles. The only puzzle was that dinosaurs were mostly built on a far grander scale compared to even the very biggest of known crocodiles.This view was challenged in 1964, when John Ostrom found the remains of a new and unusual predatory dinosaur. By 1969 Ostrom was able to describe the new dinosaur in sufficient detail and to christen it Deinonychus (‘terrible claw’) in recognition of a wickedly hooked, gaff-like claw on its hind foot. Ostrom noted a number of unexpected anatomical features in Deinonychus. It was a relatively large-brained, fast moving predator capable of sprinting on its hind legs and attacking its prey – common sense said that this was no ordinary reptile. These observations prepared the intellectual ground for a revolution that would shatter the then rather firmly held view of dinosaurs as archaic and outmoded creatures that plodded their way to extinction at the close of the Mesozoic Era.One of Ostrom’s students, Robert Bakker, took up this theme by aggressively challenging the view that dinosaurs were dull, stupid creatures. Bakker argued that there was compelling evidence that dinosaurs were more similar to today’s mammals and birds. Mammals and birds are regarded as ‘special’ because they can maintain high activity levels that are attributed to their ‘warm-blooded’, or endothermic, physiology. Living endotherms maintain a high and constant body temperature, have highly efficient lungs to maintain sustained aerobic activity levels, are capable of being highly active whatever the ambient temperature, and are able to maintain large and sophisticated brains; all these attributes distinguish birds and mammals from the other vertebrates on Earth.Bakker argued that far from being slow and dull, dinosaurs were intelligent, highly active creatures that had stolen the world from the traditionally superior mammals for 160 million years in the Mesozoic Era. Rather than being ousted from the world by the evolutionary rise of superior mammals, they had only given up their dominance because of some freakish climatic event 65 million years ago.Which of the following best represents the central idea of the passage?

The film Jurassic Park has established the velociraptor as a large, featherless predator in the public imagination. However, paleontological studies ------ this image of the velociraptor. For example, in 2007, a team of paleontologists reexamining velociraptor fossils discovered quill knobs on the posterior forearm of the fossil, suggesting that the velociraptor was feathered. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?ascertaineliminateacclaimeliminatedebunkeliminateverify

Which statement from the article best supports the idea that the Raptorex may not be an ancestor of the T. rex?A.Sereno believes that the Raptorex was a predator.B.…Drawings of what the Raptorex might have looked like show that there were differences between its appearance and that of the massive T. rex.C.It may have run down prey with its strong legs, killed with its powerful jaws, and clutched its victims with its two-fingered "hands."D.The newly found fossil looks a lot like T. rex fossils.SUBMITExtras