What occurs when the umpire rules a batter or baserunner out?

When an umpire rules a batter or baserunner out in a baseball game, the following occurs:

1. The umpire will make a clear, physical signal, usually by raising a clenched fist. They will also verbally declare the player "out."

2. If the batter is ruled out, their turn at bat is over, and they must return to the dugout. The next batter in the lineup will then come to the plate.

3. If a baserunner is ruled out, they must immediately leave the base path and return to the dugout.

4. The out is recorded in the official scorebook. In baseball, each team is allowed three outs per inning. After three outs, the teams switch roles, with the fielding team coming up to bat and the batting team taking the field.

5. If the out is the third out of the inning, all baserunners must clear the bases and return to the dugout, regardless of where they were on the base path when the out was made.

6. The game then proceeds to the next batter or the next inning, depending on how many outs have been made.