Which statements are true about the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Select all that apply:(Required) A. The phagocytosis process is not occurring properly, which causes the nuclear material inside the dying cell to be seen as a foreign invader and antinuclear antibodies are created. B. During cell death the nucleus of the cell fails to condense, which leads to the development of autoantibodies. C. Immune complexes form and attach within the structures of important organs, joints, and tissues, and this causes inflammation. D. Neutrophil activity is decreased and this causes B-cells to attack phagocytes and nuclear material within the cells, which leads to the activation of the complement cascade system and inflammation.

Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is true?Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.Autoimmune diseases only affect the skin.Autoimmune diseases are caused by bacterial infections.Autoimmune diseases are exclusively genetic and cannot be triggered by environmental factors.

Which of the following statements about the immune system is/are true?Question 2Select one or more:a.Phagocytosis is the process by which certain cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.b.Adaptive immunity is faster-acting than innate immunity.c.The immune system uses chemokines to attract cells such as neutrophils.d.Immune cells can communicate with each other by binding to receptors on each other’s surfaces.e.The immune system uses cytokines for communication over short distances.

Which of the following statements regarding inflammation is TRUE?Group of answer choicesPersistent microbial infection is a cause of chronic inflammation.Active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair occur simultaneously in acute inflammation.Lymphocytes are mobilized in both antibody and cell-mediated immune reactions during acute inflammation.Chronic inflammation is characterised by the accumulation of large numbers of neutrophils.

Which of the following are not produced by white blood cells to protect us from pathogens?AntitoxinsAntibodiesDigestive enzymesAntigens2What are antigens?Proteins found on the surface of cellsProteins that bind to pathogensMicrobes that cause diseasesProteins that kill toxins released by pathogens3Which of the following statements about antibodies is not true?They can cause pathogens to clump togetherThey attach to antigensA single antibody can destroy a wide range of pathogensThey are produced by white blood cells4Which of the following is contained in a vaccine? A live pathogenA dead or weakened pathogenAn antigenAn antibody5If most of the population is vaccinated against an infectious disease, this can reduce the chances of people coming into contact with the pathogen that causes the disease. This is known as:Herd immunityHerd infectionPopulation immunityHerd vaccination

Which of the following statements about phagocytes is TRUE?Select one alternative:Macrophages can undertake repeated phagocytosisPus is formed predominantly from dead macrophagesNeutrophils require activation before they are effectiveNeutrophils are long living cells