The dynamics of urban population density (UPD) has attracted extensive attention from both policymakers andscholars because it can be used to indicate the sustainability of city growth. Substantial research consideringurban areas as whole units has demonstrated a close relationship between urban land expansion and de-mographic urbanization. However, the impacts of the urban land-use structure (ULUS) on sustainable city growthfrom the perspective of UPD dynamics have largely been ignored. Based on the understanding of human–landinteractions in the process of city evolution, we present a holistic theoretical framework for the impacts ofchanging ULUS on UPD dynamics. Taking 331 cities proper in China as the study objects, we found that thedesignation of urban land has mostly depended upon land substitution resulting from the high economic returnsof land used for secondary and tertiary industries and residential purposes. This is induced by the increasingscarcity of urban land and people’s primary requirements for the dwelling and employment functions of a cityrather than its living-environment function. The results confirmed that the holistic theoretical framework iseffective for understanding the impacts of changing ULUS on UPD dynamics, and that taking consideration ofthese impacts in the structural reform of urban land supply is significant for promoting sustainable city growth.This study also provides inspiration for understanding the uncertainties relating to sustainable city growth basedon identification of city shrinkage and growth patterns. We discuss regionally differentiated policies relating tostructural reform of urban land supply and strategies for coping with city shrinkage.