One common endeavour of the universities is to earn national or international ranking. Public or private, national or global, every university aims at some ranking as a panacea to institutional problems. This is without the important realisation that the ranking system is a well-marketed product that need not redress the institutional anomalies of universities in developing countries.Even well-to-do institutions have been exceedingly critical of the ranking system. The University of Zurich was ranked 80th in 2023. However, the university announced its withdrawal from the ranking system recently citing reasons that are relevant globally. It is not as if that the limitations of the ranking of the universities have surfaced in Switzerland only. While most public institutions of higher education in India slavishly nurture the dream of ranking, the Indian Institute of Technology had raised red flags about it. In 2020, six IITs - at Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Madras, Roorkee and Kharagpur - had refused to join the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The boycott for four years was due to the alleged lack of transparency in the ranking system.An awareness of the discontents regarding university rankings needs to be coupled with a concerted effort to make a university a bridge connecting the world inside and outside. While those institutions declining to participate in the rankings may have their reasons, universities in India ought to be finding their own. Our reasons shall lead us to intellectual uniqueness, social responsibility and an urge to develop alternative visions for a better society. A university shall be an enabling world in which teaching and learning, administration and management, legality and technicality, are in harmony.In a reinvented university, pedagogy shall be that foundational art in which professional relationships transform into profundity, as the Black feminist pedagogue, Bell Hooks, had envisaged. Pedagogy and publication, teaching/ learning and writing, shall be in a tight embrace rather than in opposition. While we must work with creative and positive energy, we shall not be blind to the possible pitfalls. The same pedagogy and relationality that can be the concrete uniqueness of a reinvented university can also be employed for destructive usage by mischievous minds.Q 91.   What is the significance of Bell Hooks' vision of pedagogy in the context of the passage?a)  It underscores the importance of maintaining competitive teaching environments.b)  It emphasizes the transformative potential of professional relationships through teaching.c)  It highlights the necessity of adhering to traditional educational methods.d)  It advocates for the separation of academic teaching and research activities

How many such rankings are possible?

op 30 universities in China based on various sources like the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), QS World University Rankings, and Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings: 2024

Conclusion:Summary of Key Findings: The study provides an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing good governance practices in public universities of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It identifies the key elements of effective governance, compares practices between the two countries, and highlights both common challenges and unique opportunities.Significance of Good Governance: Good governance is crucial for the enhancement of educational quality, institutional effectiveness, and societal development. It ensures transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement, which are essential for the growth and sustainability of higher education institutions.

HIGHER EDUCATIONRussia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-education systems in the world producing the literacy rate (98%) exceeding most Western European countries. Education is split into a compulsory basic education, and an ongoing higher education.Due in great part to demands of the international educational or-ganisations, the system of education in Russia began to change over the past few years. Universities began transitioning to the system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for a Bachelor's degree and 2 years for a Master's degree. They also offer Specialist's degree pro-grammes which last 5 or 6 years. A Specialist's degree graduate needs no further academic qualification to pursue a professional career.Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-State) accredited higher educational institutions. There are two levels of higher education:Basic higher education (4 years) leading to a Bachelor's de i Sue re i crity inter Veeralent to a Bachelor  Postgraduate higher education (5 - 6 years or more). After two years of study, students are entitled to receive a Master's Degree, This iS equivalent to Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Master of Arts (M.A.) degrees in the US or Western Europe. After a Master's degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: a Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) degree (the first level, equivalent to a Ph.D. degree) and a Doctor of Sciences (Doktor Nauk) degree (the second, highest level requiring many years of research experience and writing a second dissertation.A Bachelor's degree programme lasts at least 4 years of full-time uni-versity-level study. It is elaborated in accordance with the State Educational Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% areBachelor's degree programme includes professionalelaborated by the university itself. Theand specialcourses in Science, the Humanities, Social and Economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams. Having obtained a Bachelor's degree, students may apply to enter a Master's degree programme. A Bachelor's degree is awarded in all fields except Medicine after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In Medicine, the first stage lasts six years.Having obtained a Bachelor's degree, students may apply to enter a Master's degree programme. The admission to this programme is competitive. A Master's degree is awarded after successful completion of two years full-time study. Students must carry out research including practical training, and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution, and sit for final examinations.

What makes the University of the People a quality university?