Suppose there are 10 apples and 10 oranges in the economy. Joe is currently consuming 4 apples and 5 oranges, and Jane is consuming 6 apples and 5 oranges. At this allocation, Joe's marginal utility of apples is 3, and his marginal utility of oranges is 5. Jane's marginal utility of apples is 6, and her marginal utility of oranges is 10. The current price of apples is R4 per unit and the current price of oranges is R5 per unit. To reach a competitive equilibrium, the required price adjustment is: A. No change in the relative prices. B. A decrease in the apple price relative to the orange price. C. An increase in both prices. D. A decrease in the orange price relative to the apple price.
Question
Suppose there are 10 apples and 10 oranges in the economy. Joe is currently consuming 4 apples and 5 oranges, and Jane is consuming 6 apples and 5 oranges. At this allocation, Joe's marginal utility of apples is 3, and his marginal utility of oranges is 5. Jane's marginal utility of apples is 6, and her marginal utility of oranges is 10. The current price of apples is R4 per unit and the current price of oranges is R5 per unit. To reach a competitive equilibrium, the required price adjustment is: A. No change in the relative prices. B. A decrease in the apple price relative to the orange price. C. An increase in both prices. D. A decrease in the orange price relative to the apple price.
Solution
In a competitive equilibrium, the ratio of the marginal utilities should be equal to the ratio of the prices for each consumer. This is known as the law of equi-marginal utility.
Let's calculate the ratio of marginal utilities to price for both Joe and Jane:
For Joe:
- For apples: MU/P = 3/4 = 0.75
- For oranges: MU/P = 5/5 = 1
For Jane:
- For apples: MU/P = 6/4 = 1.5
- For oranges: MU/P = 10/5 = 2
As we can see, the ratio of marginal utility to price is higher for oranges than for apples for both consumers. This means that both consumers would increase their utility by consuming more oranges and fewer apples, given the current prices.
Therefore, to reach a competitive equilibrium, we need to decrease the price of apples relative to the price of oranges. This will make apples more attractive to consume relative to oranges, and the consumers will adjust their consumption accordingly until we reach a new equilibrium where the ratio of marginal utilities to prices is equal for both goods for both consumers.
So, the correct answer is B. A decrease in the apple price relative to the orange price.
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