Paragraph 3: Creatures living in the upper part of the mesopelagic, where light intensities arehigher, are more likely to be transparent. Zooplariktor that penetrate the deeper levels of themesopelagic are commonly orange, red, or purple but in the blue-green background light areperceived as black or inconspicuous gray. Some mesopelagic fish have elongate (long and narrow)bodies, which may be a means of extending the length of the lateral lire—a vibration-detectingorgan—thereby raising sensitivity for detecting predators or prey.1. According to paragraph 3, which organisms are likely to be transparent?A: Those that are not good at detecting preyB: Those that live in places where the light is blue-greenC: Those with elongate bodiesD: Those that live in the brighter part of the mesopelagic zone2. In paragraph 3, the author discusses mesopelagic fish with elongate bodies in order toA: provide an example of how deep-sea organisms increase their sensitivity to lightB: argue that extending the length of the lateral line helps animals blend in with their surroundingsC: explain the relationship between body shape and body transparencyD: describe an alternative to eyesight for detecting other animals in dark watersParagraph 4: Most mesopelagic animals are bioluminescent. This ability has evolved many timesby different mechanisms. Some organisms, such as the lantern fishes and bristlemouths, producetheir own light, utilizing specialized tissue that is adapted for this purpose. Others, such as certainspecies of cod, harbor light-producing symbiotic bacteria that are cultivated inside special lightorgans. Whatever the precise mechanism, biologically generated light is produced within living cellsand energy is released in the form of light rather than heat; bioluminescence is cold light. In somecreatures, particularly translucent or transparent zooplankton such as jellyfish and ctenophores, thereactions occur in scattered cells called photocytes. In others—particularly fish andsquids—light-producing photophores are employed Blue or green and, less commonly, yellow arethe customary colors of bioluminescent light3. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about bioluminescence intransparent or translucent zooplankton?A: Reactions occur in photocytes dispersed throughout the organisms.B: Unlike in most other bioluminescent organisms, the light is yellow.C: Reactions occur in light-producing organs called photophores.D: It is produced by symbiotic bacteria like in some species of cod.

Why does a fish in water appear closer to the surface than it actually is?

Paragraph 5: Bioluminescence serves a variety of functions. As described earlier, photophores canbe used by fish and squid as a form of camouflage to break up the body outline and as counterillumination to match background light levels. Some lantern fishes probably use light organs toimprove visibility when seeking prey. In at least some lantern fishes, the location and pattern of lightflashes is probably used to communicate between individuals within a species and to distinguishbetween sexes and aid in selecting a mate. Many creatures use bioluminescence for defensivepurposes; large gelatinous animals such as jellyfish, ctenophores, and salps produce an explosiveburst of bioluminescence across the body when disturbed. This presumably serves to blind ordistract the predator temporarily. Some jellyfish, ctenophores, and squid shed luminescingtentacles when attacked. A few squid and octopuses produce bioluminescent ink to dazzle andconfuse attackers while they escape under cover. Some zooplankton—particularly copepods,ostracods, and shrimps—squirt a bioluminescent fluid as defense.4. The word "presumably" in the passage is closest in meaning toA: clearly B: probably C: usually D: periodically5. According to paragraph 5, lantern fishes may use bioluminescence for all of the followingpurposes EXCEPTA: choosing a mateB: communicating with other lantern fishC: finding preyD: escaping from predators6. According to paragraph 5, in which of the following ways can bioluminescence function?A: As a means of blinding or confusing a predatorB: As a means of poisoning or killing predatorsC: As a way of making the body outline more distinctD: As a way of attracting prey

Some animals (e.g. leaf insect, peppered moth, stonefish) are able to . That is having the ability to blend in with the surroundings using colours &/or patterns so that they can hide from their predators.

In 2019, marine biologist Charles Beckman discovered an intriguing adaptation: certain deep-sea creatures emit bioluminescent light, transforming themselves into lures for their unsuspecting prey. This cunning ______ is a remarkable adaptation to the pitch-black environment of the deep sea, illuminating the darkness as they hunt.1Mark for ReviewABCWhich choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?AcatastropheBobstacleCcollisionDstrategy

If a predator is more likely to prey upon fish that are brightest in color, then natural selection in this environment will favorMultiple choice question.brighter predators.drabber predators.drabber fish.brighter fish.