Text 1Starfish, echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea, have a nervous system composed of individual nerves grouped into a structure called a ganglion. However, they do not have a defined central nervous system. Consequently, biologists believe that they pick up only limited sensory information from their surroundings and that most of their behavior is guided by their sense of smell.Text 2Since 2015, several studies of starfish behavior have indicated that contrary to prior hypotheses, most members of Asteroidea possess a range of senses. While little is known about the physiology behind these mechanisms, available data indicates that starfish possess a sense of touch in addition to their sense of smell. Some can sense gravity, and many can sense the direction of currents. Additionally, most species have eyes that play a prominent role in locating feeding grounds. While more study is needed, most researchers now believe many senses govern starfish behavior.Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1’s characterization of Asteroidea’s sensory capabilities?The nervous systems of starfish are not complex enough to support the processing of sensory information.eliminateThe assertion that starfish rely mainly on smell is an oversimplification based on outdated assumptions.eliminateStarfish lack the organs necessary to gain sensory information from their surroundings.eliminateWhile starfish possess a sense of smell, this particular sense is unlikely to influence their behaviors.

In a new experiment conducted by a team of neuroethologists from Kiel University in Germany, Caribbean box jellyfish (Tripedalia cystophora) were observed spotting and avoiding obstacles in their way despite their lack of a central brain. Head researcher Jan Bielecki hypothesized that the process of learning may not require a complex nervous system; in fact, learning capacity may simply be an inherent feature of nerve cells. These findings are the first evidence that jellyfish can mentally connect events and correct their behaviors, a discovery that could help scientists trace how animals evolved to learn.Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Bielecki's hypothesis?Caribbean box jellyfish have been found to follow other marine creatures to navigate through particularly complex obstacles.eliminateOther species of jellyfish with similar nervous systems did not learn in a similar way when observed in a similar situation.eliminateCaribbean box jellyfish have a strong olfactory system within their tentacles, allowing them to "smell" particles in the water.eliminateOther species of jellyfish with more complex nervous systems have been documented avoiding obstacles in similar ways as the Caribbean box jellyfish.

Starfishes crawl by means ofSelect an answerAarmsBmuscular footCtube feetDparapodia

Animals that are sentient have the capacity to experience different feelings or emotions. Which of the following groups of invertebrates is not currently considered sentient?Group of answer choicesCrabsSquidBees

What features a structure that can sting called cnidocytes?Group of answer choicesHydraMusselCrayfishSponge

Select all that applyWhich characteristics are absent in tunicates and lancelets but are present in vertebrates?Multiple select question.Enclosed dorsal nerve cordThree pairs of well developed sensory organsBrain encased in skullA postanal tail