The Lime-Soda process involves the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate) to hard water. The chemicals react with the calcium and magnesium compounds in the water, precipitating them as insoluble solids that can be removed by sedimentation and filtration.Process StepsPre-treatment: Raw water is screened to remove large particles and debris.Chemical Addition:Lime is added to the water to remove temporary hardness and part of the permanent hardness.Soda ash is added to remove the remaining permanent hardness.Mixing: The water is mixed thoroughly to ensure a complete reaction of the chemicals with the hardness ions.Sedimentation: The water is allowed to settle in sedimentation tanks where the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) settle out.Filtration: The clarified water is filtered to remove any remaining suspended particles.Post-treatment: The treated water may be further processed, such as disinfection or pH adjustment, before distribution.

Alkalis are bases that can neutralize acids to form salts and water.Alkalis are groups of chemicals with high pH. Alkalis can help soften potable water and remove impurities such as manganese, fluorides and organic tannins. According to the National Lime Association, heavy industries use alkali in the form of lime to absorb and neutralize sulphur oxides to aid in reducing acid rain.Lime is a manufactured product made from limestone (calcium carbonate) or dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate). The raw material is processed into quicklime and hydrated lime. Since it is alkaline, it's often used to adjust the pH of water and soils containing acidic components. It's used to treat both drinking water and wastewater.There has been a lot of hype about the health benefits of drinking alkaline water, but those on the other side of the fence believe that that is all it is—hype. What makes alkaline water so special from the regular variety  Q 2.1A farmer adds lime to the soil before growing a crop. Outline the uses of calcium carbonate.

In a village, on analysis of bore well water it has been found to contain impurities such as permanent and temporary Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Acids, CO 2 and H 2 S. Suggest the method for softening of this water by using lime and soda with chemical reactions involved in it.

Calculate the amount of lime and soda required per litre for chemical treatment of water containing: CaCO3 =80 ppm; MgCO3=32 ppm; HCO3-=195 ppm; Fe SO4.7H2O added as coagulants=73.5 ppm. The purity of lime is 92% and soda is 84%.

Calculate amount of lime (90% pure) and soda (98% pure) for the treatment of one million litres of water containing Ca(HCO3)2=8.1 ppm , 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2= 33.3 ppm, 𝐻𝐶𝑂3- =91.5 ppm,  𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 = 38 ppm ,M𝑔(𝐻𝐶𝑂3)2 =14.6 ppm .The coagulant 𝐴𝑙2(𝑆𝑜4)3 was added at the rate of 17.1 ppm

When tap water contains high levels of calcium, a substance called calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can build up at the mouths of water faucets. This buildup, called limescale, can prevent water from flowing through a faucet properly. To remove the calcium carbonate, you can scrub the faucet with citric acid (C6H8O7). Citric acid combines with calcium carbonate to form calcium citrate (Ca3C12H10O14), carbon dioxide gas (CO2), and water (H2O). The calcium citrate washes away easily, allowing water to flow through the faucet again.In the chemical reaction described in the passage, which of the following are reactants? Select all that apply.calcium carbonate (CaCO3)citric acid (C6H8O7)carbon dioxide (CO2)calcium citrate (Ca3C12H10O14)Submit