The following speech was delivered June 21, 1915, by well-known suffragette, orator and social reformer, Anna Howard Shaw, during New York State's equal suffrage campaign at the City Opera House in Ogdenburg, New York.adapted from The Fundamental Principle of a RepublicAnna Howard Shaw     If a Republic is a desirable form of government, then we should have it, if it is not then we ought not pretend that we have it. We must be true to our ideals. And the men of New York have for the first time in their lives, the rare opportunity, of making the state truly a part of the Republic. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state . . . yet so few people realize what a profound problem they have to solve on November second. It is not merely a trifling matter . . . it is the most vital problem we could have, and any man who goes to the polls next November without thoroughly informing himself in regard to this subject is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot.     If woman's suffrage is wrong, it is a great wrong and if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental principle. Let us see where we are as a people, how we act here and what we think we are.Passage 2The following speech was delivered September 7, 1916, in Atlanta, Georgia, by famous activist and suffragette, Carrie Chapman Catt. Catt is credited with the development of the "Winning Plan" that helped pass the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.adapted from The CrisisCarrie Chapman Catt     I have taken for my subject, "The Crisis," because I believe that a crisis has come in our movement which, if recognized and the opportunity seized with vigor, means the final victory of our great cause in the very near future. I am aware that some suffragists do not share this belief as they see no signs nor symptoms today which were not present yesterday; no manifestations in the year 1916 which differ significantly from those in the year 1910. To them, the movement has been a steady, normal growth from the beginning and must so continue until the end. I can only defend my claim with the plea that it is better to imagine a crisis where none exists than to fail to recognize one when it comes; for a crisis is a culmination of events which calls for new considerations and new decisions. A failure to answer the call may mean an opportunity lost, a possible victory postponed.1In "The Fundamental Principle of a Republic," which excerpt best develops the claim that equality is central to democracy? A. . . . is unworthy to be a citizen of this state, and unfit to cast a ballot. B. It is the greatest opportunity which has ever come to the men of the state . . . C. If a Republic is a desirable form of government, then we should have it . . . D. . . . if it is right, it is a profound and fundamental principle.

Passage 1excerpt adapted from Do You Know?by Carrie Chapman Catt     The article was written by Carrie Chapman Catt, who served as the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1900–1904, and then again from 1915–1920.DO YOU KNOW that the question of votes for women is one which is commanding the attention of the whole civilized world; that woman suffrage organizations of representative men and women exist in twenty-seven different countries; that in this country alone there are more than 1,000 woman suffrage organizations; that there is an International and a National Men's League for Woman Suffrage and numbers of local men's leagues; that the number of women who are asking for the vote in this country is larger than the number of men who have ever asked for anything in its entire history; and that a bill for a woman suffrage amendment to the United States Constitution is now before Congress?DO YOU KNOW that the women of New Zealand and the women of Australia possess all the political rights accorded to men?DO YOU KNOW that the women of Finland vote in all elections upon the same terms as men and that since then sixteen to twenty-five women have been elected to the different Parliaments?DO YOU KNOW that in Norway all women have the full Parliamentary vote and that in 1910 one woman sat in the Norwegian Parliament?DO YOU KNOW that the women of Iceland have the full Parliamentary franchise and that since 1902 one-fourth of the members of the council of the capital city have been women?DO YOU KNOW that the movement for woman suffrage is just a part of the eternal forward march of the human race toward a complete democracy . . . ?Passage 2from Representationby Alice Duer Miller     After Vice President Thomas Riley Marshall, who served under President Woodrow Wilson, defended his opposition to women's suffrage by saying, "My wife is against suffrage, and that settles me," popular columnist and suffragette Alice Duer Miller responded by writing the following poem, in Marshall's voice.  My wife dislikes the income tax,    And so I cannot pay it;    She thinks that golf all interest lacks,    So now I never play it;5   She is opposed to tolls repeal    (though why I cannot say),    But woman's duty is to feel,    And man's is to obey.4In "Do You Know?" and “Representation,” how do Catt and Miller address opposition to suffrage differently? A. Catt uses facts to inform and persuade, while Miller uses satire to highlight the ridiculousness of arguments against suffrage. B. Catt lists the accomplishments of the movement to gain support for suffrage, while Miller focuses on using wit to convince Marshall to change his mind. C. Catt describes the benefits of suffrage to build support, while Miller uses sarcasm to embarrass Marshall and his wife for being against suffrage. D. Catt uses pleas to convince others to join the suffrage movement, while Miller uses humor to show the importance of women's opinions.

A Woman for OfficeVictoria Woodhull announced her candidacy for president of the United States in April of 1871. At the time, no woman held an elected office in the country, and women wouldn’t even be able to vote for another 50 years. To Woodhull, these were trivial matters that wouldn’t prevent her from advancing the cause of women. Woodhull’s own Equal Rights Party nominated her on May 10, 1872, at the Apollo Hall in New York City, and her nomination was ratified a month later.The Equal Rights Party also nominated the famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass to run alongside Woodhull as the vice presidential candidate. The Equal Rights Party hoped Douglass’s nomination would help close the divide between suffragists and African-American civil rights activists. The controversy was caused by the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment two years prior, which granted African-American males the right to vote but neglected to afford women of any colour the same right.Although Douglass never attended the Equal Rights Party convention or acknowledged the nomination, Woodhull continued her run for office. She ran on the platform of women’s suffrage, railroad nationalization, abolition of the death penalty, welfare for the poor, regulation of monopolies, an eight-hour workday, and direct taxation. Incidentally, these issues are ones that many Americans take for granted today, but they were of grave importance in the late 19th century.Just days before the election, U.S. Marshals arrested Woodhull, her husband, Colonel James Blood, and Woodhull’s sister, Tennessee Claflin, for publishing obscenities in their newspaper Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly. Woodhull and her sister spent the next month in jail, thus preventing Woodhull from attempting to vote in the election. Although Woodhull’s name appeared on the ballots in a few states, historians are unsure of how many votes she received, since these votes were apparently uncounted.What was the reason Victoria Woodhull was unable to attempt to vote for herself in the election?aShe was in prison. bWomen were not allowed to vote.cThe votes were not going to be counted. dHer husband forbade her from participating in voting.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government . . .“. . . Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.“He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men. . . .“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.“He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848QuestionWhich of the following best captures a portion of the author’s argument?ResponsesWomen elected officials have not done enough to pass laws promoting women’s rights.Women elected officials have not done enough to pass laws promoting women’s rights.Men and women are legally equal, but women are morally superior to men.Men and women are legally equal, but women are morally superior to men.The government has made women subservient by denying them the right to vote.The government has made women subservient by denying them the right to vote.Women have faced too much suffrage due to the actions of the government.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government . . .“. . . Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.“He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men. . . .“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.“He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848QuestionThe language in the first paragraph of the selection most closely parallels that of which of the following documents?Responses

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government . . .“. . . Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.“He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men. . . .“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.“He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848QuestionWhich of the following amendments to the United States Constitution addresses the grievance that a woman is not permitted “to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise”?ResponsesFourteenth AmendmentFourteenth AmendmentFifteenth AmendmentFifteenth AmendmentSeventeenth AmendmentSeventeenth AmendmentNineteenth Amendment