Unusual Bird ParentingBirds have a reputation as excellent parents. They expend a great deal of effort in building nests in which to lay their eggs. They patiently incubate the eggs, keeping them warm and safe until they hatch. Birds also bring food to their newly hatched offspring until the baby birds are independent. However, some unusual birds, known as brood parasites, don't provide any parental care for their young. Perhaps the most famous brood parasite is the cuckoo. Instead of building a nest, the cuckoo lays her eggs in the nest of another species with similar-looking eggs. The female cuckoo simply removes an egg laid by the host female, lays her own egg, and then leaves, expecting the host bird to care for the imposter.What is the main, or central, idea of the passage?

Cuckoos are known to lay their eggs in the nests of other (host) birds. The eggs are then adopted and hatched by the host birds. A study by E.B. Chance in 1940 in a paper titled “The Truth About the Cuckoo” demonstrated that cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of a particular host species.Further, cuckoos appear to mate only within their territory. Therefore, geographical sub-species are developed, each with a dominant foster-parent species, and natural selection has ensured the survival of cuckoos most fitted to lay eggs that would be adopted by a particular foster-parent species. The hypothesis is that the mean length of cuckoo eggs depends upon foster-parent species.Data was available for six different foster-parent species (one of which was the wren). A total of 115 observations were made: for each observation, the length of the cuckoo egg in the foster-parent nest was recorded. Analysis was conducted and the mean length of cuckoo eggs for each foster-parent species was compared.The null hypothesis was rejected (p-value<0.05).Assuming the model assumptions were satisfied we can concludeGroup of answer choicesThere is evidence to suggest that the six population means are equal to each otherThere is evidence to suggest that the six sample means are equal to each otherThere is evidence to suggest that each population mean differs significantly from all other population meansThere is evidence to suggest that each sample mean differs significantly from all other sample meansThere is evidence to suggest that some subset of population means differs significantly from some other subset of population meansThere is evidence to suggest that some subset of sample means differs significantly from some other subset of sample means

Questions 10-19Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to (11) raise its young. Among vertebrates, the best known social parasites are such birds as (12) cuckoos and cowbirds; the female lays an egg in a nest belonging to another species and leaves (13) it for the host to rear.(14) The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites. Consider, for example, the unusual behavior of ants belonging to the genus Polyergus. All species of this ant have lost the ability to care for themselves. The workers do not forage for food. feed their brood or queen, or even dean their own nest. To compensate for these deficits, Polyergus has become specialized at obtaining workers from the related genus Formica to do these chores.In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers will travel up to 500 feet in search of a Formica nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and tier workers, capture the pupal brood, and transport it back to their nest. The captured brood is then reared by the resident Formica workers until the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica population, which maintains the mixed-species nest The Formica workers forage for food and give it to colony members of both species. They also remove wastes and (16) excavate new chambers as the population increases.The true extent of the Polyergus ants' dependence on the Formica becomes apparent when the worker population grows too large for the existing nest. Formica scouts locate a new nesting site, return to the mixed-species colony, and (17) recruit additional Formica nest mates. During a period that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the new nest all the Polyergus eggs, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the Polyergus queen.Of the approximately 8,000 species of ants in the world, all 5 species of Polyergus and some 200 species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic relationship with other ants.10. Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage? Ants belonging to the genus Formica are incapable of performing certain tasks. The genus Polyergus is quite similar to the genus Formica. Ants belonging to the genus Polyergus have an unusual relationship with ants belonging to the genus Formica. Polyergus ants frequently leave their nests to build new colonies.11. The word raise in the text is closest in meaning to Rear Lift Collect Increase12. The author mentions cuckoos and cowbirds in the text because they Share their nests with each other Are closely related species Raise the young of other birds Are social parasites13. The word it in the text refers to Species Nest Egg Female14. What does the author mean by stating that The dulotic species of lifts... are die supreme social parasites (in the text) ? The Polyergus are more highly developed than die Formica. The Formica have developed specialized roles. The Polyergus are heavily dependent on the Formica. The Formica do not reproduce rapidly enough to care for themselves15. Which of the following is a task that an ant of the genus Polyergus might do? Look for food. Raid another nest Care for the young. Clean its own nest.16. The word excavate in the text is closest in meaning to Find Clean Repair Dig17. The word recruit in the text is closest in meaning Create Enlist Endure Capture18. What happens when a mixed colony of Polyergus and Formica ants becomes too large? The Polyergus workers enlarge the existing nest. The captured Formica workers return to their original nest. The Polyergus and the Formica build separate nests. The Polyergus and the Formica move to a new nest.19. According to the information in the passage, all of the following terms refer to ants belonging to the genus Formica EXCEPT the Dulotic species of ants (paragraph 2) Captured brood (paragraph 3) Developing pupae (paragraph 3) Worker population (paragraph 4)

Unlike mammals, birds incubate their eggs outside their body. The underlinedword means

A cuckoo bird lays its eggs in the nest of a reed warbler. Once hatched, the cuckoo's chicks displace those of the reed warbler, tricking the parent reed warbler into caring for them instead of his own.What kind of ecological interaction does the cuckoo have with the reed warbler?*2 puntosMutualismParasitismCommensalismPredation

Gouldian finches are socially monogamous. When given a chance to have extra-partner sex, during breeding season, most female Gouldian finches_________. Select one alternative:occasionally mate, but their male partners will typically kill genetically unrelated offspringdecline the opportunity (i.e., they are sexually monogamous).have sex - offspring survival is higher if the male is more genetically compatible than her partner.have sex, although genetic compatibility does not affect offspring survival.