Acid Base & Salts HCl → H+ + Cl- Acid Contains Hydrogen ion which cannot exit independently so it combines with water H+ + H2O →H3O+ Similarly all acids produces Hydronium ions on Ionisation. H2SO4 + 2H2O → 2H3O+ + SO42- Bases produces hydroxyl ions on ionisation NaOH →Na+ + OH- (i)Reaction with active metals- form Hydrogen and Metal Salt Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ii) Reaction with bases – Neutralisation iii) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates (hydrogen carbonates)- form Salt , water and Carbon di oxide iv) Reaction with sulphites and bisulphites- Forms salt , water and Sulphur dioxide. v) Reaction with sulphides- Salt and Hydrogen sulphides vi) Reaction with chlorides and nitrates- Only few (Ba, Pb) reacts with dil HCl rest ( Na, K) reacts only with Conc HCl

Acid Base & Salts

1. HCl → H+ + Cl-
   • HCl dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-).
2. Acid Contains Hydrogen ion which cannot exit independently so it combines with water.
   • Hydrogen ions (H+) combine with water (H2O) to form hydronium ions (H3O+).
3. Similarly, all acids produce hydronium ions on ionization.
   • For example, H2SO4 + 2H2O → 2H3O+ + SO42-
4. Bases produce hydroxyl ions on ionization.
   • For example, NaOH → Na+ + OH-
5. Reaction with active metals - forms Hydrogen and Metal Salt.
   • When an acid reacts with an active metal, such as zinc (Zn), it forms hydrogen gas (H2) and a metal salt (ZnCl2).
   • For example, Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
6. Reaction with bases - Neutralization.
   • When an acid reacts with a base, it undergoes neutralization.
7. Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates (hydrogen carbonates) - forms Salt, water, and Carbon dioxide.
8. Reaction with sulphites and bisulphites - Forms salt, water, and Sulphur dioxide.
9. Reaction with sulphides - Forms Salt and Hydrogen sulphide.
10. Reaction with chlorides and nitrates - Only a few (Ba, Pb) reacts with dilute HCl, while the rest (Na, K) reacts only with concentrated HCl.