Subtract using 2’s complement: 7-11

Step 1: Convert the numbers into binary. The binary equivalent of 7 is 0111 and for 11 it is 1011.

Step 2: Find the 2's complement of the number to be subtracted, in this case, 11. The 2's complement of 1011 is 0101.

Step 3: Add the first number and the 2's complement of the second number. So, 0111 + 0101 = 1100.

Step 4: If there is a carry, ignore it. In this case, there is no carry.

Step 5: The result is in 2's complement form because it's a negative number (since we subtracted a larger number from a smaller one). To convert it back to a positive number, find the 2's complement of the result. The 2's complement of 1100 is 0100.

Step 6: Convert the result back to decimal. The decimal equivalent of 0100 is 4. So, 7 - 11 = -4.