The hardware protocols used to tackle Cache Coherence problems are:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to the cache. When a block is updated, the directory either updates or invalidates the other caches with that block.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol uses a common bus that can be observed (or "snooped") by all caches. When a write operation is performed, all other caches snoop the bus to see if they have a copy of the written block. If they do, they will either invalidate or update their own copy of the block, depending on the specific protocol.

3. MESI Protocol: This is a specific type of snoopy protocol. MESI stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid, which are the states that a block can be in. The MESI protocol reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a "Exclusive" state, which means that the block is only in this cache and is not modified.

So, the answer is (a) and (b), as both Directory Protocol and Snoopy Protocol (which includes MESI protocol) are used to tackle Cache Coherence problems.

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The hardware protocols used to tackle Cache Coherence problems are:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to the cache. When a block is updated, the directory either updates or invalidates the other caches with that block.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol uses a common bus that can be observed (or "snooped") by all caches. When a write operation is performed, all other caches snoop the bus to see if they have a copy of the written block. If they do, they will either invalidate or update their own copy of the block, depending on the specific protocol.

3. MESI Protocol: This is a specific type of snoopy protocol. MESI stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid, which are the states that a block can be in. The MESI protocol reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a "Exclusive" state, which means that the block is only in this cache and is not modified.

So, the answer is (a) and (b), as both Directory Protocol and Snoopy Protocol (which includes MESI protocol) are used to tackle Cache Coherence problems.

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The hardware protocols used to tackle Cache Coherence problems are:

1. Directory Protocol: This protocol uses a directory to keep track of which caches have a copy of a given block. The directory acts as a filter through which the processor must ask permission to load an entry from the primary memory to the cache. When a block is updated, the directory either updates or invalidates the other caches with that block.

2. Snoopy Protocol: This protocol uses a common bus that can be observed (or "snooped") by all caches. When a write operation is performed, all other caches snoop the bus to see if they have a copy of the written block. If they do, they will either invalidate or update their own copy of the block, depending on the specific protocol.

3. MESI Protocol: This is a specific type of snoopy protocol. MESI stands for Modified, Exclusive, Shared, and Invalid, which are the states that a block can be in. The MESI protocol reduces the amount of traffic on the bus line by adding a "Exclusive" state, which means that the block is only in this cache and is not modified.

So, the answer is (a) and (b), as both Directory Protocol and Snoopy Protocol (which includes MESI protocol) are used to tackle Cache Coherence problems.

Hardware Protocol used to tackle Cache Coherence problems ans. is Directory Protocol only are (a) and (b) is Snoopy Protocol only is MESI protocol only

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