Cardiac output must be responsive to changes in the metabolic demand. You know that cardiac output can be determined by:*1 pointa. Measuring the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat and multiplying it to the client’s heart rate.b. Summing up the stroke volume with the client’s heart ratec. Getting the heart rate of the client and the client’s stroke volume and BPd. Getting the BP of the client multiply to the client’s heart rate
Question
Cardiac output must be responsive to changes in the metabolic demand. You know that cardiac output can be determined by:*1 pointa. Measuring the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat and multiplying it to the client’s heart rate.b. Summing up the stroke volume with the client’s heart ratec. Getting the heart rate of the client and the client’s stroke volume and BPd. Getting the BP of the client multiply to the client’s heart rate
Solution
The correct answer is a. Cardiac output is determined by measuring the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat (also known as stroke volume) and multiplying it by the client’s heart rate. This is because cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, which is calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate. The other options do not correctly represent the calculation for cardiac output.
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Exercise is associated with alterations to many basic physiological processes, including changes in metabolism and the cardiovascular system. As the intensity of exercise rises, both the cardiac output and oxygen consumption increase, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Changes in cardiac output and oxygen consumption in response to various levels of exerciseThe cardiac output CO represents the volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute. The CO is calculated from the heart rate HR and stroke volume SV using the equationCO = HR ∙ SVEquation 1Experimental data has shown that the HR increases linearly with the exercise output Eout, leading to the relationshipHR = 0.65 ∙ Eout + 75Equation 2The metabolism of nutrients consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide as a waste product. The amount of carbon dioxide generated depends on the type of macronutrient that is consumed. For example, when carbohydrates are metabolized, every liter of oxygen consumed causes the generation of 1.0 liter of carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the metabolism of fats leads to 0.7 liters of carbon dioxide per liter of oxygen, and the metabolism of proteins generates 0.8 liters of carbon dioxide for each liter of oxygen. Question 56While exercising on a treadmill, a person has a cardiac output of 15 L/min and produces carbon dioxide at 0.091 mol/min. What is their ratio of metabolizing carbohydrates to fats during the exercise? (Assume all gasses are ideal and are at STP.)A.1:2B.1:1C.1:0D.2:1Submit
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