Sulfa drugs cause nephrotoxicity as a result of crystalluria, this can be prevented by: (Select all that apply)Question 14Answera.Reducing the concentration of drugb.Promoting its ionization.c.Alkalinization of urined.Adequate hydration of urine

An otherwise healthy 20-year-old woman of Mediterranean descent is given sulfamethoxazole to treat a bladderinfection. Three days after beginning the antibiotic regimen, the patient has moderately severe jaundice and darkurine. Pain with urination and a low-grade fever have resolved. Her hematocrit is 20%. Substantial numbers oferythrocytes contain Heinz bodies. Her condition worsens until day 6 of antibiotic therapy, when it begins to resolve.Symptoms are completely gone by day 9 of continued antibiotic therapy. Which of the following conditions is themost likely explanation for these findings?(A) Aplastic anemia(B) Generalized cytochrome-b 5 reductase deficiency(C) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency(D) Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Which of the following statements is true about sulfa drugs?SELECT ALL THAT APPLYThey chemically resemble PABA, the natural substrate of a bacterial enzyme in the pathway used to produce folic acid.Sulfonamides were among the first synthetic antimicrobials used to combat bacterial infections.They act as competitive inhibitors of DNA gyrase.They are bacteriocidal.They have a narrow spectrum of action.They can only be administered orally.

Drugs clinically administered to patients must be eliminated by the body.  One route of elimination is via the liver, in which hepatocytes endocytose drugs and transport them to different cellular areas using motor proteins that interact with tubulin proteins.The kidney also plays an important role in drug elimination.  During the development of new drugs, researchers use a common benchmark: if 30% or more of the drug dose is excreted in the urine in a form unchanged from administration, the kidney plays a significant role in elimination of that drug.  However, nephron proximal tubules contain peptidases that can metabolize some substances.  For example, a significant portion of the antibiotic drug imipenem undergoes renal metabolism prior to elimination in the urine.Nephrotoxicity, a type of kidney damage, can be caused by drugs.  For instance, the chemotherapy drug cisplatin can lead to nephrotoxicity by promoting excessive fission of mitochondria in renal tubular cells.  Patients with reduced kidney function or a transplanted kidney may experience drug-induced nephrotoxicity at drug doses that would not cause damage to patients with healthy kidney function.Table 1 shows results of a study in which the elimination of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined in patients.  In the study, average total clearance of SOD was measured at different doses, along with the portion of that clearance that was performed by the kidney.  The standard error for clearance values is 0.05 L/h.Table 1  Renal and total clearance of superoxide dismutase (SOD)Brater, D. C. (2002). Measurement of renal function during drug development. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 54(1), 87–95. Question 56Based on the passage, imipenem is most likely:A.smaller than pores found in glomerular capillaries.B.found only in its unchanged form in the loop of Henle.C.too large to be filtered by nephrons.D.secreted largely into the distal convoluted tubule.

Drugs clinically administered to patients must be eliminated by the body.  One route of elimination is via the liver, in which hepatocytes endocytose drugs and transport them to different cellular areas using motor proteins that interact with tubulin proteins.The kidney also plays an important role in drug elimination.  During the development of new drugs, researchers use a common benchmark: if 30% or more of the drug dose is excreted in the urine in a form unchanged from administration, the kidney plays a significant role in elimination of that drug.  However, nephron proximal tubules contain peptidases that can metabolize some substances.  For example, a significant portion of the antibiotic drug imipenem undergoes renal metabolism prior to elimination in the urine.Nephrotoxicity, a type of kidney damage, can be caused by drugs.  For instance, the chemotherapy drug cisplatin can lead to nephrotoxicity by promoting excessive fission of mitochondria in renal tubular cells.  Patients with reduced kidney function or a transplanted kidney may experience drug-induced nephrotoxicity at drug doses that would not cause damage to patients with healthy kidney function.Table 1 shows results of a study in which the elimination of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined in patients.  In the study, average total clearance of SOD was measured at different doses, along with the portion of that clearance that was performed by the kidney.  The standard error for clearance values is 0.05 L/h.Table 1  Renal and total clearance of superoxide dismutase (SOD)Brater, D. C. (2002). Measurement of renal function during drug development. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 54(1), 87–95. Question 58Based on the passage, intracellular transport of drugs eliminated by the liver most likely involves interactions with:A.intermediate filaments.B.microfilaments.C.microtubules.D.myosin.

different renal stone composition and causative agent