Paragraph 1: The first Roman emperor, Augustus (63 B.C. – A.D. 14), ended a century of civil warsand thus enabled a long period of peace for the Roman Empire to occur. Rome's population, whichhad been reduced by the wars, rebounded and grew to approximately one million; the city becamethe greatest and wealthiest metropolis of premodern Europe, if not the whole premodern world.Wealth flowing into the city also flowed out into the Italian hinterland, other parts of the Empire, andeven beyond to purchase the foodstuffs, material, services, and luxuries that the city demanded.This dynamic in turn had a significant effect on the economy, both agricultural and urban, of this era.Small farmers near the city could produce labor-intensive garden crops for the profitable Romanmarket. Moreover, as Rome's economic impact stimulated urban growth elsewhere in Italy, othersmall farmers gained access to similar profitable urban markets.1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of the Roman Empire during thetime of Emperor Augustus EXCEPT:A: The population in various Italian cities increasedB: Goods from distant lands could be bought in the city of RomeC: Owners of small farms began to participate in ttie market economy.D: More wealth flowed out of the city of Rome than into itParagraph 2: The existence of large urban populations in Rome and other Italian cities thatattracted youth from the countryside greatly alleviated the problem created by Rome's inheritancelaws, by which all sons of a farmer were entitled to receive a portion of his land, so that farms weresubdivided into smaller, increasingly uneconomical units. According to one fairly conservativeestimate, 7.000 fresh immigrants a year were needed just to keep up the numbers of Rome's freepopulation. Rome and other urban populations were constantly being diminished by the high deathrate characteristic of premodern cities with their unsanitary conditions and densely packed housing.Therefore, just to maintain their existing size, urban centers had to attract the surplus population ofthe Italian countryside.2. According to paragraph 2, why did urban areas require many new immigrants each year?A: A comparatively large number of city residents died every yearB: Wealthy city residents often moved away to escape unsanitary and crowded conditionsC: Profitable urban markets encouraged city residents to become farmers in the countrysideD: Additional workers were needed each year to create housing for growing urban centers.3. Paragraph 2 implies that which of the following was one result of the sons of farmersmoving from the countryside to urban centers?A: It made it possible for farmers to subdivide their farms lessB: It made farming profitable enough for them to hire non-family members as farm workersC: It encouraged them to buy land for farming instead of relying solely on inherited land.D: It encouraged them to support efforts to change Roman inheritance laws

10. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is providedbelow. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage.The reign of Emperor Augustus ushered in long period of peace and prosperity for the RomanEmpire.●●●Answer choicesA: The growth of the city of Rome stimulated the growth of other urban areas, and urban growthbenefited rural areas by increasing the demand for food.B: To supply Rome and other cities, farmers began producing more food than their families neededand an agricultural market economy developed.C: Cities that had grown up along the supply routes to Rome eventually declined as Rome began toproduce its own supplies.D: Although wealthy landowners built tine houses for themselves, urban workers were poorly paidand lived in unhealthy conditions.E: Urban growth changed agriculture in the Roman Empire by encouraging farmers to grow newtypes of crops and to grow crops in regions where they had not previously been grown.F: Large landowners benefited the most from urban growth and spent money to improve theirpersonal status and to develop and improve public areas

What makes Rome more than just a city (keeping in mind we still research it and read about it 2000 years later)?

PART B: Which detail from the text best supports the answer to Part A?A. "the Roman Empire reached its peak in terms of land area, and its population swelled to an estimated 70 million people." (Paragraph 2)B. "The Pax Romana began when Octavian became the leader of the Roman Empire." (Paragraph 3)C. "In 27 BCE, the Senate bestowed the title of Augustus upon Octavian." (Paragraph 7)D. "a series of leaders known as the Five Good Emperors ruled in succession and presided over a prolonged period of peace and prosperity." (Paragraph 14)

Paragraph 3: Rome's insatiable demand for food had an impact on agriculture in Rome's provinces.More and more farmers were producing for profitable markets rather than just for subsistence.Although part of Rome's need for grain was met through taxes on provincial producers, the rest wasacquired through purchase from both those and Italian producers. Similarly, landowners in thegrain-producing areas of Sicily, Sardinia, North Africa, and Egypt profited from the enormous effortsto supply Rome. Likewise, along the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and Gaul (modern France) andup the valley of the Rhone River, vineyards and olive groves were beginning to produce largequantities of wine and oil for the lucrative Roman market.4. The word “lucrative” in the passage is closest in meaning toA: profitable B: expanding C: competitive D: distant

Paragraph 4: The resulting agricultural prosperity in turn affected the nature of towns in agriculturalregions. In both Italy and the provinces, the larger landowners profited most from thecommercialization fostered by Rome, and they largely supported increased urbanization from thetime of Augustus. The wealthy local landowners became the backbone and lifeblood of the curialclass, the local aristocrats who filled the governing councils of cities and municipalities all overEurope. Like their counterparts in the Roman senatorial class (wealthy Romans who were eligibleto serve as senators) whom they imitated, they dedicated a significant part of their agriculturalprofits to increasing their status by building fine residences in the nearest significant city or townand by providing expensive benefits, such as games, gifts of food, temples, theaters, schools,aqueducts, and baths.5. Paragraph 4 supports all of the following statements about wealthy, larger landownersEXCEPT:A: They served as government officials in European citiesB: They generally favored the development of citiesC: They were less concerned about social status than Roman senators were.D: They were the greatest beneficiaries of the agricultural market economy.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A: Roman senators attempted to raise their status by increasing their agricultural profits so theycould spend more on fine homes and expensive entertainment.B: In imitation of Roman senators, they tried to raise their status by building expensive urbanhomes and providing benefits for city dwellers.C: Although they imitated Roman senators by building fine homes and providing benefits for urbanpopulations, they were not regarded as members of the senatorial class.D: To impress their counterparts in the Roman senate, they used their wealth and status to build finhomes and provide benefits for the urban population