An unconscious male is brought to the ER by his wife and his brother after a road traffic accident. He isassessed by the neurosurgery team who decide on an emergency craniotomy to evacuate an expandingextradural hematoma.Who gives consent: his brother, the patient’s wife, the physician, or is no consent required in thissituation?What if the patient was brought in by a taxi driver and has no accompanying family/friend?How does the process of informed consent take place?

If a casualty is unconscious, is there a legal requirement to obtain consent before assisting or treating them? Yes

A 28year old man presents to casualty with testicular torsion and in extreme pain. He is scheduled for emergency surgery and the consultant urologist tells you he is on his way and will be there in the next one hour. He asks you not to give any pain medication so that “consent can be obtained” on his arrival. Are the surgeons concerns about informed consent valid?Question 36Select one:a.Because of severe pain, the surgeon’s concerns are not valid as it can impair a patient’s ability to listen and understand in the informed consent process.b.It’s an emergency you do not need informed consent in this casec.None of the choices apply.d.Yes. Because hospital policy requires informed consent from a lucid person before surgerye.Yes. To obtain informed consent the patient must be lucid and pain medication can invalidate the consent

15. The perioperative nurse’s primary responsibility in the process of informed consent is:*1 pointA. Discuss possible complications of proposed procedureB. Provide the client with details of proposed surgical procedureC. Ensure that the anesthetist/anaesthesiologist has met with the patient before the procedureD. Advocate patient to ensure that the client is given necessary information to give consent16. Nurses assume complementary and shared responsibilities in decision making and problem solving relevant to patient care. In such situation, the nurse is performing the proactive role of being a:*1 pointA. CaregiverB. CommunicatorC. AdvocateD. Collaborator17. This role of nurses in healthcare involves implementing interventions that help overcome resistance and facilitate positive growth and development:*1 pointA. Change agentB. AdvocateC. CaregiverD. Communicator18. In the discharge of his duties, Nurse Gelo ensures that autonomy and self-determination of the patient are safeguarded. This role of the nurse in healthcare is known as:*1 pointA. CollaboratorB. AdvocateC. Change agentD. Communicator19. Circumstances such as floods, fire earthquakes and accidents falls under this doctrine and nurses who fail to render service during these circumstances are not held negligent.*1 pointA. Res ipsa loquiturB. Force majeureC. Respondeat superiorD. Epikia20. A hospital was found liable for the negligence of its nurses when they failed to adhere to the explicit policy it had established that bedrails were to be raised at all times for a particular category of high-risk patients. What doctrine was used by the court in this civil case?*1 pointA. Res ipsa loquiturB. Force majeureC. Respondeat superiorD. Epikia21. Which situation may lead to a legal action for assault?*1 pointA. A nurse threatens a patient with inserting a tube to feed the patient if the patient does not eat all the food on a meal tray.B. A nurse administers a medication that the patient has refused by telling the patient that it is different than the refused medication.C. A nurse uses a restraint when a patient attempts to leave the hospital before the primary health-care provider writes a discharge order.D. A nurse is heard by a patient’s relative telling another nurse on an elevator that the patient contracted hepatitis C from IV drug use when, in fact, the patient contracted the disease via a blood transfusion.22. The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses is promulgated under which resolution?*1 pointA. BON Resolution No. 425, Series of 2003B. BON Resolution No. 220, Series of 2004C. BON Resolution No. 112, Series of 2005D. BON Resolution No. 22, Series of 200923. Lactated Ringer’s Solution is what type of solution?*1 pointA. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. HypertonicD. Isokinetic24. Which of the following is not an isotonic solution?*1 pointA. D5 1/2NSSB. 0.9% NaClC. LRD. D5W25. A client who has had a thoracic surgery has a chest tube connected to a water-seal drainage system attached to suction. When excessive bubbling is identified in the water seal chamber the nurse should:*1 pointA. check the system for air leaksB. “strip” the chest tube catheterC. decrease the amount of suction pressureD. recognize that the system is functioning correctly26. The most accurate parameter to assess a patient's fluid status is:*1 pointA. weightB. temperatureC. blood pressureD. urine output

A 75 year old mentally competent man is suffering from a rectal cancer that requires surgery. His sonsand brothers bring the reports to a surgeon to confirm diagnosis and discuss the treatment plan. Theyplead with the surgeon not to tell the patient about the diagnosis of cancer and to proceed with surgerywhich involves colon resection and temporary colostomy, followed by reversal. They are willing to signall consent documents.How should the surgeon proceed?Who should sign the informed consent?What is the requirement in Pakistan law?

Explain how informed consent relates to autonomy. (Max. 2 sentences)