Show that the following functions defined on R are all Borel measurable.(a) f (x) ={0 if x is rational1 if x is irrational, (b) g(x) ={x if x is rational−x if x is irrational

Use the formal definition of measurability of a real-valued function to prove that thefollowing functions are measurable with respect to the Borel σ-algebra on R.(a) f (x) = x2 (b) g(x) = tan x (c) h(x) = −√x.

ormal definition of measurability of a real-valued function

Show that the Borel algebra B is also generated by the collection of all half-openintervals (a, b] = {x ∈ R | a < x ≤ b}. Also show that B is generated by thecollection of all half-rays {x ∈ R | x > a}, a ∈ R.7. (a) Let E ⊂ R. Show that F = {∅, E, R \ E, R} is the σ-algebra of subsets of Rgenerated by {E}.(b) If S and T are collections of subsets of R, thenσ(S ∪ T ) = σ(S) ∪ σ(T ).Is the statement true? Why?Note: σ(M) is a σ-algebra generated by the collection M of some subsets.8. Consider F = {E ⊂ R | E is countable or R \ E is countable }.(a) Show that F is a σ-algebra and F is a proper sub-σ-algebra of the σ-algebra BRwhich is the Borel algebra of subsets of R.(b) Show that F is the σ-algebra generated by {{x} | x ∈ R}.9. Suppose X is a non-empty set and A = {A1, A2, . . . , Ak}, where the sets A1, . . . , Akare nonempty and form a partition of X, i.e. they are pairwise disjoint and ⋃ki=1 Ai =X. Show that σ(A) = {⋃j∈J Aj | J ⊆ {1, 2, . . . , k}}, where σ(A) is a σ-algebragenerated by A.10. If B(R) is the Borel σ-algebra of R and σ(I) is a σ-algebra generated by I, show thatB(R) = σ(I) if I = {[a, b) | a, b ∈ R, a ≤ b}.11. A nonempty collection M of subsets of a set X is called a monotone class if, for eachmonotone increasing sequence (En) in M and each monotone decreasing sequence(An) in M, the sets ⋃∞n=1 En and ⋂∞n=1 An belong to M.Show that a σ-algebra F of subsets of X is a monotone class.

) Let (X, F) be a measurable space and let f be a function from X to Y . Let Abe a collection of subsets of Y such that f −1(E) ∈ F for every E ∈ A. Showthat f −1(D) ∈ F for every set D which belongs to the σ-algebra generated byA

Let (X, F) be a measurable space and let f be a function from X to Y . Let Abe a collection of subsets of Y such that f −1(E) ∈ F for every E ∈ A. Showthat f −1(D) ∈ F for every set D which belongs to the σ-algebra generated byA.