Which measure of central tendency is least affected by extreme values or outliers?

The measure of central tendency that is least affected by extreme values or outliers is the median.

Here are the steps to understand why:

1. Central tendency refers to the measure that determines the center of a distribution of values. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.

2. The mean is calculated by adding all the values and dividing by the number of values. This measure is greatly affected by extreme values or outliers because they can significantly increase or decrease the total sum, thus changing the mean.

3. The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set. While it's not affected by extreme values, it's not always a good measure of central tendency because it doesn't consider all the values in the data set.

4. The median is the middle value when the data set is ordered from smallest to largest. If there's an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. Since the median is based on the position of values rather than their magnitude, it's not affected by extreme values or outliers.

Therefore, the median is the measure of central tendency that is least affected by extreme values or outliers.