how did Marie clay categorise comprehension skills?

Marie Clay, a renowned educational psychologist and literacy specialist, developed the Reading Recovery program to help struggling readers. She categorized comprehension skills into several key areas:

1. Literal Comprehension: This involves understanding the explicit information presented in the text. It includes identifying the main idea, recalling facts and details, and understanding sequence.

2. Inferential Comprehension: This involves making inferences or deductions based on the information provided in the text. It includes predicting outcomes, drawing conclusions, and interpreting character's actions or motives.

3. Evaluative Comprehension: This involves making judgments or forming opinions about the information in the text. It includes determining the author's purpose, assessing the validity of arguments, and critiquing the text.

4. Applied Comprehension: This involves applying the information or ideas from the text to other situations. It includes relating the text to one's own experiences, making connections to other texts, and applying the information to real-world situations.

5. Metacognitive Strategies: This involves thinking about one's own thinking or learning processes. It includes monitoring comprehension, using fix-up strategies when comprehension breaks down, and reflecting on one's understanding of the text.

Marie Clay emphasized the importance of teaching these comprehension skills explicitly and providing students with opportunities to practice and apply these skills in meaningful contexts.