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For each set of probabilities, determine whether the events A and B are independent or dependent.(If necessary, consult a list of formulas.)ProbabilitiesIndependentDependent(a) =PA12;= PB14; PA and =B18(b) =PA12;= PB16;= PA|B12(c) =PA13;= PB16;= PB|A12(d) =PA19;= PB12;= PB|A12

Question

For each set of probabilities, determine whether the events A and B are independent or dependent.(If necessary, consult a list of formulas.)ProbabilitiesIndependentDependent(a) =PA12;= PB14; PA and =B18(b) =PA12;= PB16;= PA|B12(c) =PA13;= PB16;= PB|A12(d) =PA19;= PB12;= PB|A12

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Solution

(a) Independent: Two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B occurring together is the product of their probabilities, i.e., P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B). Here, P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 1/4, and P(A and B) = 1/8. Since 1/2 * 1/4 = 1/8, A and B are independent.

(b) Dependent: Two events A and B are dependent if the probability of A given B is not equal to the probability of A, i.e., P(A|B) ≠ P(A). Here, P(A) = 1/2, and P(A|B) = 1/2. Since P(A|B) = P(A), A and B are independent, not dependent.

(c) Dependent: Two events A and B are dependent if the probability of B given A is not equal to the probability of B, i.e., P(B|A) ≠ P(B). Here, P(B) = 1/6, and P(B|A) = 1/2. Since P(B|A) ≠ P(B), A and B are dependent.

(d) Dependent: Two events A and B are dependent if the probability of B given A is not equal to the probability of B, i.e., P(B|A) ≠ P(B). Here, P(B) = 1/2, and P(B|A) = 1/2. Since P(B|A) = P(B), A and B are independent, not dependent.

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