how pre-existing social structures and "ideological state apparatuses" (such as family, media, schools) "call out" to individuals, telling them what they are and shaping their identities.

The concept of pre-existing social structures and "ideological state apparatuses" shaping individual identities is a key aspect of sociological and cultural theory. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Pre-existing Social Structures: These are the established systems and patterns of behavior in a society. They include institutions like the government, the legal system, the economy, and social norms. These structures have a significant influence on individuals because they set the rules and expectations for behavior in a society. For example, the legal system defines what is considered criminal behavior, and this influences how individuals act and how they understand the concept of right and wrong.

2. Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs): This term was coined by French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. ISAs are institutions and systems in a society that produce and reinforce certain ideologies or belief systems. They include the family, the education system, the media, and religion. These apparatuses "call out" to individuals by promoting certain beliefs, values, and ways of understanding the world. For example, the education system teaches students not only academic knowledge but also societal values and norms.

3. Shaping Identities: Both pre-existing social structures and ISAs shape individual identities by influencing how individuals see themselves and their place in the world. For example, the family can shape an individual's identity by instilling certain values and beliefs, by teaching gender roles, and by influencing the individual's self-concept and self-esteem. The media can shape identity by promoting certain images and ideals of beauty, success, and happiness.

4. The "Call Out" Process: This process involves the ways in which social structures and ISAs communicate societal expectations and norms to individuals. This can be done explicitly, such as through laws and rules, or implicitly, such as through social pressure and the promotion of certain ideals. Individuals internalize these messages, and this shapes their identities and their behavior. For example, schools "call out" to students by teaching them what is considered acceptable behavior and by grading them on their performance.

In conclusion, pre-existing social structures and ISAs shape individual identities by setting societal expectations and norms, promoting certain ideologies, and "calling out" to individuals. This process influences how individuals see themselves and their place in the world.