o have a significant impact on the outcome of long-duration missions in space. This impact may range from individual decrements in performance, health and well being, to catastrophic mission failure. This paper reviews our current understanding of the psychosocial issues related to long duration space missions according to three different domains of behavior: the individual domain, the interpersonal domain and the organizational domain. Individual issues include: personality characteristics that predict successful performance, stress due to isolation and confinement and its effect on emotions and cognitive performance, adaptive and maladaptive coping styles and strategies, and requirements for the psychological support of astronauts and their families during the mission. Interpersonal issues include: impact of crew diversity and leadership styles on small group dynamics, adaptive and maladaptive features of ground-crew interactions, and processes of crew cohesion, tension and conflict. Organizational issues include: the influence of organizational culture and mission duration on individual and group performance, and managerial requirements for long duration missions. Improved screening and selection of astronaut candidates, leadership, coping and interp ersonal skills training of personnel, and organizational change are key elements in the prevention of performance decrements on long-duration missions. ____________________________________________________ Apart from the medical and psychological screening conducted on astronaut candidates, psychosocial issues have traditionally received very little attention in NASA’s manned-space program. Reasons include the perspective of an institution dominated largely by engineers that psychology and psychiatry are “soft” (Harrison, 1986) a belief in “the right stuff” of astronauts (Santy, 1994), and the relatively short duration of past space flights where the occurrence and severity of psychosocial problems are viewed as minimal at best (Helmreich, 1983). Nevertheless, there has been an increased awareness in recent years that psychosocial issues are equally, if not more, important to the success of long-term missions in space than other dynamics related to crew health and safety. This recognition has occurred in response to anecdotal evidence of the individual and interpersonal problems that occurred during the Shuttle-Mir Space Program (SMSP) (Burrough, 1998; Linenger, 2000) and other long-duration Russian/Soviet missions (Lebedev, 1988; Oberg, 1981), and studies of personnel in similar Correspondence to: Lawrence A. Palinkas: e-mail: lpalinkas@ ucsd.edu; Fax: 619-543-5996 isolated and confined extreme (ICE) environments (Gunderson, 1974; Sandal et al., 1995). Accounts of prolonged depression, social withdrawal upon news of the death of a loved one, interpersonal tension and hostility, poor leadership, miscommunication, and human error have precipitated a re-examination of the ability of astronauts posses

The lure of human space travel is undeniable. We’ve allgrown up on endless types of entertainment set in thefuture that portray adventures on distant planets. Imagineyourself as an astronaut, a part of the first manned mission toMars. Beyond that, there are generations of people who havebeen working to make space and space travel look cool, eveninevitable. But high aspirations and romance aside, we needto face the harsh realities. Our notions about the inevitabilityand wonder of human space travel need to be checked, andany plans need to be reconsidered. Some of the best reasons tocurtail space exploration come down to economics, human cost,and technology.1Should robots lead the journey to outer space?This writer says yes.Let Robots Take tothe StarsArgument by Eiren CaffallANALYZE ARGUMENTAnnotate: In paragraph 1, markthe author’s central claim andmark the reasons the author willuse to support the claim.Interpret: What will the author’sargument be? How does the titleof the selection help clarify theauthor’s argument?B286 UNIT 3 COLLABORATE & COMPAREDon’t forget toNotice & Note as youread the text.© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanySpace Travel Is ExpensiveSpace travel is extremely expensive. To get humans to Mars,it would take $1 trillion over a 25-year period. Obviously, nosingle government would want to take on that kind of funding.A Mars mission would require international cooperation at asignificant cost to each partner nation. A Mars mission mightfoster international cooperation, but it would consume fundsthat could be used for other things.Some people suggest that the only way to get to Mars wouldbe with the help of private companies. Because of this, thespace exploration industry is made up not only of governmentagencies but also private companies headed by dreamersand people interested in profits over practicality. But theseorganizations are often badly managed. They don’t work for thegovernment, so accountability could be a problem. Even well-run companies are unlikely to have enough money to launcha Mars mission on their own. There are some experts who saythat it wouldn’t be possible to launch a mission to Mars withoutfunding from commercials that would run during coverage ofthe project. That would turn a scientific mission into a realitytelevision show. Would you want to trust a scientific mission tothe people who run reality TV?Space Travel Could Harm OurPolluted WorldThe risks of space exploration could be grave for a planetalready plagued by pollution. There is an extra result of spacetravel: black carbon from rocket exhaust that’s deposited inthe outer atmosphere. The launch of a suborbital tourist craftis said to produce less carbon emissions than a standard flightfrom New York to London. However, once the rocket is abovethe atmosphere, the black carbon it releases can be prettydamaging. Try to imagine the black smoke from a diesel trucksitting above the sky. With no weather to wash it into theoceans, black carbon can stay put for up to ten years.Many space boosters are suggesting that being able toleave our planet once it’s exhausted of resources is a priority.They seem to be proposing that we have some sort of Planet B.Somehow they think that a colony on Mars or the moon couldtake the pressure off our world. Many of these people planningto profit from two things at once are also fans of the dubioustechnology of geoengineering.

Mission statement isGroup of answer choicesA statement that describes a future for a destination that is achievable and attractive and is supported by most tourism stakeholders.A statement about an organization’s purpose or its reason for being.Enduring beliefs and principles held by tourism stakeholders about their destination.Overall actions or initiatives to be followed to achieve goals.Broad, general results to be achieved by the destination over several years, and usually within three to five years.

applications of coping skills inventory in real worldedit

Which individual characteristics help employees to better cope with stress?Question 6Answera.High self-efficacyb.High resiliencec.High emotional stabilityd.High perfectionism

Consciously creating an environment where passion is both encouraged and developed starts at the top through the communication of mission and vision.Question 7Select one:TrueFalse