3. An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs is called a varicose vein (Figure 3). What do you think causes this condition, and why aren’t there varicose arteries?

A 40-year-old woman presented with large bulging veins in both thighs and lower legs. Her primary concern was the unsightly aesthetic appearance of the varicose veins but on further questioning, she revealed that she was experiencing heaviness, tiredness and throbbing in the lower legs. She worked as a medical assistant, which involved constant standing for hours, at daily basis. By the end of the day, her legs were extremely fatigued, and it would take several hours of leg elevation to make them feel better. There was no past medical history of deep venous thrombosis. Duplex Ultrasound examination revealed a varicose great saphenous vein bilaterally running from the groin to the mid-distal thigh. Examination of the deep veins of both lower limbs showed no evidence of occlusion in the external iliac, common femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibialis, and peroneal. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to explain the patient's findings?    Group of answer choicesFailure of arteriovenous anastomosesFailure of venous valves in the deep veinsPredominance of smooth muscle cells of a synthetic phenotype in venous wallsMutation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 geneDysfunctional endothelium producing increased levels of vasodilatory mediators

Choose the single CORRECT answer or statement. A 55-year-old woman has had discomfort and swelling of her left leg for the past week following a long international air flight. Investigation reveals thrombosis of deep veins in her left leg. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to have contributed to her condition?Group of answer choicesImmobilisationHypertensionTurbulent blood flowEmbolism

Characteristics of veins

Pitting soft painless bilateral edema is the main clinical feature ofKWO on which the diagnosis is based. It starts in the dorsum of thehands and feet, spreading to affect the legs to the mid-thighs, inlate cases the eye lids are affected. Nearly almost always there is noascites.Causes:A- hypoalbuminemia less than 2.5gm%.B- Na retention with hyperaldosteronismC- Increased release of ADHD- Increase capillary permeabilityE- Thiamine deficiency.

Which of the following is a superficial vein in the calf? The gastrocnemius veins The small saphenous vein The posterior tibial veins The peroneal veins