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Define the following musical terms; a). Pulse b). Duration of notes c). Texture d). Symphony orchestra. 2. What is isicathamiva? Discuss how it evolved. 3. With specific examples, establish the difference between the uses and functions of music in African societies. 4. Write on the following categories of music in Africa: Afro-European art music and traditional African music.

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Define the following musical terms; a). Pulse b). Duration of notes c). Texture d). Symphony orchestra. 2. What is isicathamiva? Discuss how it evolved. 3. With specific examples, establish the difference between the uses and functions of music in African societies. 4. Write on the following categories of music in Africa: Afro-European art music and traditional African music.

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Solution

  1. Musical Terms: a). Pulse: Pulse, also known as the beat in a musical piece, is a regular rhythm that underlies the music. It's the steady, constant rhythm you feel throughout the song. b). Duration of notes: This refers to how long a note is held in a piece of music. It can be short, long, or anything in between, and is usually determined by the type of note (whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, etc.). c). Texture: In music, texture refers to how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition. It can be described as monophonic (single melody), polyphonic (multiple melodies), homophonic (melody with chordal accompaniment), or heterophonic (variations of a single melody). d). Symphony Orchestra: A symphony orchestra is a large ensemble of musicians, typically over 80, that plays symphonies. It includes sections of string, brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments.

  2. Isicathamiya: Isicathamiya is a singing style that originated from the South African Zulus. It evolved from the traditional Zulu styles and was influenced by American ragtime and minstrelsy in the early 20th century. The style is characterized by a cappella singing and soft, shuffling dance moves.

  3. Uses and Functions of Music in African Societies: In African societies, music is used for a variety of social and ceremonial functions. For example, in West Africa, the Griots use music for storytelling and preserving history. In East Africa, music is used in rituals and ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals. In Southern Africa, music is used as a form of protest and resistance, as seen in the anti-apartheid songs of South Africa.

  4. Categories of Music in Africa: a). Afro-European Art Music: This is a genre of music in Africa that combines African musical elements with European classical music. Examples include the works of Nigerian composer Fela Sowande and Ghanaian composer Ephraim Amu. b). Traditional African Music: This refers to the indigenous music of the various ethnic groups in Africa. It is characterized by the use of African instruments, complex rhythms, and often involves singing and dancing. Examples include the Yoruba drumming traditions of Nigeria, the mbira music of the Shona people in Zimbabwe, and the isicathamiya singing style of the Zulu people in South Africa.

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