True or false: A public health situation analysis (PHSA) will provide a characterization of public health risk and recommended effective preventive actions.

True or False: Case-control studies can directly measure the risk or rate of a health outcome?TrueFalse

Outline what preventive health measures are and give one example

True or false: In a cross-sectional study we cannot determine whether exposure precedes the health outcome.TrueFalse

Chapter 5 explores the central importance of integrating public health and primary care to the PHC approach. Public health and primary care add value to each other. Separating them because public health has a population perspective, while primary care typically focuses on the individual, is artificial and creates unnecessary barriers. PHC integrates both perspectives, encouraging greater efficiency and effectiveness, and creating the conditions for more community engagement and multisectoral action, so strengthening health systems and fostering resilience. Key messages include: ■ Primary care and public health services have natural synergies, particularly in the five key areas of: ■ health protection ■ health promotion ■ disease prevention ■ surveillance, monitoring and population health analysis ■ public health emergency preparedness and response. ■ A PHC-oriented system can integrate primary care and public health in a range of ways from maintaining two distinct services but ensuring mutual awareness, through cooperation and collaboration, to full integration in a single, merged organization. ■ Enabling the integration of two strands of health care delivery with different paradigms is not straightforward in practice. Country experiences highlight the importance of: ■ creating a clear shared vision, goals and mandates that public health and primary care co-own ■ acknowledging the distinct training, culture and ways of working in public health and primary care, and ensuring that change management and leadership styles acknowledge these differences ■ revisiting education and training to combine primary care and public health perspectives, and to make collaboration the norm ■ establishing shared data systems and shared protocols that bridge individual patient and community-level data and facilitate integration ■ joint funding that minimizes or rules out any perception of competition for resources.

True or False: Case-control studies use a strategy that identifies health outcome status initially and then determines exposures of the study population.TrueFalse