Research evaluating bilingual early childhood programs indicates that children from programs that develop proficiency in both languages hold the advantage in which of the following areas? a. divergent thinking ability b. translating spoken languages c. cultural awareness d. cognitive complexity

Dual language learning is said to enhance cognitive development because toddlers are learning two different language structures simultaneously. a. True b. False

Research findings from studies conducted in the 1990s and more recent studies, all investigating the link between socioeconomic status and language development, reached very different conclusions. Which important factor contributed to these varying outcomes?Earlier research included a very large sample of bilingual children; the researchers didn’t differentiate between exposure to one language versus the other.Recent researchers surveyed an extremely large, representative sample of children from all over the world, rather than just the United States; 212 countries contributed data.Earlier research focused on the development of holophrases during middle school, whereas more recent research concentrated on syntax used during infancy.Recent researchers used a more expansive definition of language exposure, including not only the words used by parents of preschoolers but also other caretakers and adults in the children’s environment.

Research indicates that transition programs help ELL students acquire English proficiency more quickly than two-way bilingual programs. a. True b. False

What findings are supported by the research to date on bilingual education? a. Maintenance programs are more effective than two-way bilingual programs. b. English-only immersion leads to higher levels of achievement. c. Two-way bilingual students score higher than ELL students in English-only programs. d. All types of bilingual programs are equally effective at raising achievement.

Why may conventional bilingual pedagogies not always be relevant or workable in linguistically heterogeneous classrooms?Group of answer choicesThey require teachers and students to share the same languages.They discourage the use of multilingual resources and translanguaging practices.They focus solely on metalinguistic skills and creative thinking.They neglect the importance of home languages in students' identities and learning.