1. In order for sodium chloride to dissolve in water, a small amount of energy must be added during solution formation. This is not energetically favorable. Why is NaCI so soluble in water?

NaCI is highly soluble in water due to the strong attraction between the sodium and chloride ions and the water molecules. When NaCI is added to water, the positive sodium ions (Na+) are attracted to the negative oxygen atoms in water molecules, while the negative chloride ions (CI-) are attracted to the positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules. This attraction, known as ion-dipole interaction, helps to break the ionic bonds in NaCI and allows the ions to become surrounded by water molecules, forming a hydrated ion. The hydration of the ions stabilizes them in solution and overcomes the energy required to break the ionic bonds, making the dissolution of NaCI in water energetically favorable.