ORIGINAL TEXT: Published online by Climate Action Tracker 2 AUG 2022Australia is suffering an energy crisis related to high global energy prices, an ageing coal power plant fleet and a lack of investment in renewable energy by the previous government, despite Australia’s huge solar and wind potential, and its renewable energy and green hydrogen export opportunities. STUDENT’S ASSIGNMENTWhilst Australia has an abundance of capacity in green and renewable energies for both domestic and international markets, the combination of lack of development in renewables, ageing infrastructure and elevated energy prices across the globe, have led to the current energy crisis we are experiencing (Climate Action Tracker, 2022)Is the student’s paraphrase acceptable?Responsesa Yes, because the student has kept the original meaning, but used their own words.Yes, because the student has kept the original meaning, but used their own words.b No, because the information is common knowledge, so citation isn’t necessary.No, because the information is common knowledge, so citation isn’t necessary.c No, because the student hasn’t kept the author’s main ideas.No, because the student hasn’t kept the author’s main ideas.d No, because the original text has simply been copied in the assignment.No, because the original text has simply been copied in the assignment.Skip to navigationItem1, Fully Attempted.Item2, Fully Attempted.Item3, Fully Attempted.Item4, Fully Attempted.Item5, Fully Attempted.Item6, Fully Attempted.Item7, Fully Attempted.Item8, Fully Attempted.Item9, Unattempted.PreviousNext

Task Details / Description:Context: This economic project asks you to conduct research and make recommendations on the economicviability of decarbonising the Australian energy industry, its impact on the Australian economy and the role of government.Scenario: Analysing the economic impact on the Australian domestic economy of the decarbonisation of the Australian energy industry. Is iteconomically viable and should the government play a bigger role?Task:Students conduct an in-depth analysis of the need for, and the viability of, the Australian energy industry’s transition away from carbon-basedfossil fuels towards clean and renewable energies. They analyse data to evaluate the economic and social costs/benefits of such a transition onthe Australian economy. They also evaluate the economics of the AustralianGovernment’s policy position on industry transition, make well-reasoned conclusions about the effectiveness of such policy and makerecommendations regarding the most appropriate policies that will help achieve Australia’s macroeconomic objectives.Students conduct their analysis by:Researching data on the need for transition, reading and analysing media releases and government and industry body studies, selecting otherrelevant data (quantitative and qualitative) that can assist in evaluating the impact of transition (or consequences of not transitioning), governmentrole in supporting transition, and effectiveness of government policy in the energy industry.Possible framework:• Overview / Executive Summary of the report• The need for transition in the energy industry away from carbon-based energy production• The costs and benefits (viability) of transition to clean-energy infrastructure and power generation• Analysis of government role in supporting transition (or not)• The effectiveness of government policies• Suggest and justify recommendations for Australia to achieve Industry efficiency and macroeconomic objectives

Overview / Executive Summary of the report• The need for transition in the energy industry away from carbon-based energy production• The costs and benefits (viability) of transition to clean-energy infrastructure and power generation• Analysis of government role in supporting transition (or not)• The effectiveness of government policies• Suggest and justify recommendations for Australia to achieve Industry efficiency and macroeconomic objectives

Read the passage carefully and pick the option whose answer best aligns with the passage:In a low-carbon world, renewable energy technologies are hot business. For investors looking to redirect funds, wind turbines and solar panels, among other technologies, seem a straightforward choice. But renewables need to be further scrutinized before being championed as forging a path toward a low-carbon future. Both the direct and indirect impacts of renewable energy must be examined to ensure that a climate-smart future does not intensify social and environmental harm. As renewable energy production requires land, water, and labor, among other inputs, it imposes costs on people and the environment.Hydropower projects, for instance, have led to community dispossession and exclusion . . .Renewable energy supply chains are also intertwined with mining, and their technologies contribute to growing levels of electronic waste . . . Furthermore, although renewable energy can be produced and distributed through small-scale, local systems, such an approach might not generate the high returns on investment needed to attract capital.Although an emerging sector, renewables are enmeshed in long-standing resource extraction through their dependence on minerals and metals . . . Scholars document the negative consequences of mining . . . even for mining operations that commit to socially responsible practices: “many of the world’s largest reservoirs of minerals like cobalt, copper, lithium, and rare earth minerals”—the ones needed for renewable technologies—“are found in fragile states and under communities of marginalized peoples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.” Since the demand for metals and minerals will increase substantially in a renewable-powered future . . . this intensification could exacerbate the existing consequences of extractive activities.Among the connections between climate change and waste, O’Neill . . . highlights that “devices developed to reduce our carbon footprint, such as lithium batteries for hybrid and electric cars or solar panels, become potentially dangerous electronic waste at the end of their productive life.” The disposal of toxic waste has long perpetuated social injustice through the flows of waste to the Global South and to marginalized communities in the Global North . ..While renewable energy is a more recent addition to financial portfolios, investments in the sector must be considered in light of our understanding of capital accumulation. As agricultural finance reveals, the concentration of control of corporate activity facilitates profit generation. For some climate activists, the promise of renewables rests on their ability not only to reduce emissions but also to provide distributed, democratized access to energy . . .But Burke and Stephens . . . caution that “renewable energy systems offer a possibility but not a certainty for more democratic energy futures.” Small-scale, distributed forms of energy are only highly profitable to institutional investors if control is consolidated somewhere in the financial chain. Renewable energy can be produced at the household or neighborhood level. However, such small-scale, localized production is unlikely to generate high returns for investors. For financial growth to be sustained and expanded by the renewable sector, production and trade in renewable energy technologies will need to be highly concentrated, and large asset management firms will likely drive those developments.Based on the passage, we can infer that the author would be most supportive of which one of the following practices?Please select your Answer.The localized, small-scale development of renewable energy systems.More stringent global policies and regulations to ensure a more just system of toxic waste disposal.Encouragement for the development of more environment-friendly carbon-based fuels.The study of the coexistence of marginalized people with their environments.

Introduction: Describe the purpose and focus of the paper.''1 Introduction On a global scale, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity production is small but growing continuously. To prevent economic losses and idle green resources caused by energy curtailments, corrective actions need to be taken. Moreover, RES must become accessible for sectors that still heavily rely on fossil resources, i.e., chemical industry, heating, and transportation [1], if global climate targets are to be met. In this context, technologies termed Power-to-[K], such as Power-to-gas, Power-to-chemicals, or Power-to-fuels, have attracted increasing interest in recent years (cf. Sect. 2). The terminology has been used for an ever-increasing number of applications, and the large diversity of applications associated with this terminology has resulted in the term Power-to-X. However, we are not aware of an established definition about what the X may or may not include. Looking at most instances of Power-to-X concepts, these aim at converting electricity into gases, liquids, heat, fuels, or even back from those into electricity [2–7]. We believe that in addition to the new aspect of bringing renewable electricity into production processes to replace fossil-based products, many recently proposed technologies under the term Power-to-X are closely related to the much older concepts of electricity storage and demand side management (DSM). Therefore, a broad definition of Power-to-X as processes with the goal to exploit the environmental and economic potential of renewable electricity is proposed. This explicitly encompasses electricity storage and DSM as well as the newer aspect that we call e-Production. In the following, first, a brief overview of the literature is given (Sect. 2). Then, details on the definition and classification of Powerto-X are provided, before key challenges and benefits for given external conditions are discussed (Sect. 3). Illustrative examples that demonstrate how process systems engineering (PSE) methods support overcoming these challenges are also given (Sect. 4). Finally, the most important findings and still open questions are summarized (Sect. 5).''

List the different forms of renewable energy found in Australia