The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.Climate change and racism are two of the biggest challenges of the 21st Century. They are also strongly intertwined. There is a stark divide between who has caused climate change and who is suffering its effects. People of colour across the Global South are those who will be most affected by the climate crisis, even though their carbon footprints are generally very low. Similar racial divides exist within nations too, due to profound structural inequalities laid down by a long legacy of unequal power relationships. For some, it can be disconcerting to hear terms such as "racism" and "white supremacy" used in discussions about climate change. Climate change is often understood as an environmental issue, one that we are all in together, and therefore not something that could be in any way construed as racist.Climate change is a significant challenge that disproportionately affects people of color in the Global South due to their low carbon footprints and long-standing structural inequalities.The 21st Century is marked by climate change and racism, which are intertwined, with climate change impacting people of color the most due to what is seen as an environmental issue.Climate change and racism, crucial challenges of the 21st Century, are connected; people of color, in the Global South, bear the brunt of climate change despite their minimal contribution to it.Discussions on climate change involving racism and white supremacy are unsettling, as climate change is often viewed as a universal environmental issue, not linked to racial inequalities.

Read the following the passage and answer the question:"Climate change is a pressing global issue that demands immediate attention. Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events are clear indicators of the planet's changing climate. Human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have created this crisis. Addressing climate change requires collective action, from reducing greenhouse gas emissions to promoting sustainable practices. It is crucial that individuals, communities, and nations work together to protect our environment and safeguard the future of our planet."What are some consequences of climate change mentioned in the passage?Extinctions of speciesExtreme weather eventsDecreased rainfallIncreased rainfall

Foran says that the need to radicalise the global climate justice movement is because:The disagreement between states overthe Paris Agreement makes the chances of keeping temperature rise to below 2⁰ Cless likely.All of theseThe environmental movement of theGlobal North has historically not been responsive to the voices of youth, theGlobal South, and marginalised groups everywhere.Most mitigation and adaptationmeasures make current injustices worse

Passage 5 (Questions 21 - 25)Understanding and addressing the economic impacts of climate change presents a unique series of problems. The costs and benefits of any activity taken to mitigate the effects of global warming or to adapt to its impacts will inherently be unevenly distributed across nations, sub-national groups, and even generations. Economic policy decision-making is plagued by incomplete information and speculative assessments about the near- and medium-term impacts of climate change effects. Efforts to divert economic resources towards mitigation or adaptation must involve a heavy opportunity cost, with resources being redirected away from other economically salutary activities, possibly from more effective environmentally sustainable initiatives.With the deep uncertainty around these issues, economists and policy-setters are faced with a challenge to traditional decision-making processes. In the classical approach, key steps proceed in a more or less sequential fashion. Analysts start by identifying the nature of the problem to frame the construction of the relevant research. Research allows stakeholders to develop a complete or near-complete understanding of the relevant issues. Any shortcomings in such understanding simply fuel further research. Once avenues of exploration have been exhausted, policymakers can next identify a number of policy options and craft those options into the most optimal policy that is practicable, thereby solving the problem.Uncertainties surrounding the economic impacts of climate change, led Professor Granger Morgan to advocate for an iterative problem-solving approach. Under this heuristic, the research that follows problem-identification does not provide a full understanding of all relevant issues, but leads to both continued research and implementation of the adaptive policy that is identified as being the most likely to be beneficial. Policy implementation is carried out concurrently with further research, including assessment of the policy’s effectiveness. The policy and other identified alternatives are re-assessed in the light of new knowledge and changing circumstances, and the end state is not a comprehensive solution, but a refined or reframed identification of the problem, which iterates back to the initial research step and to the task of identifying the best adaptive policy for moving forward.One implementation of this latter approach is a method of risk mitigation borrowed from investment banking called the portfolio approach. Under portfolio theory, the only rational response to decision-making on uncertain terrain is to create a varied array of both possible and implemented responses. That is, policy-setters should advocate for the simultaneous deployment of both mitigation strategies and adaptation strategies in response to climate change and for the use of a number of strategies involving a resilient and diverse economy and insurance hedges spread across all economic sectors and in different regions of the globe. That is, a nation should ensure that some component of its financial resources is allocated to investments in various countries (and indeed, continents).Underlying any approach to decision-models or risk-analysis is cost-benefit analysis. Unsurprisingly, even this foundational assumption for fiscal and economic problem-solving has itself come under critical scrutiny. The typical cost-benefit analysis converts various factors into a common monetary unit – typically US dollars – and then seeks to maximize dollars. Critics suggest that climate change is a uniquely disastrous problem that is not susceptible to a simple dollar-based approach to utility, and that the various consequences of global warming should be disaggregated and examined on an individual basis. Thus, even if climate change were to have a “three-billion-dollar cost” to the petrochemical sector of the economy and a “one-billion-dollar cost” in the form of lost biodiversity in subtropical regions, these two numbers cannot meaningfully be compared to each other, and policies relating to these two issues must be separately examined. Question 25According to the passage, Professor Morgan’s approach: A.does not provide policies that solve problems.B.feeds back on itself in a way that is different from traditional models.C.takes longer to implement given the multiple rounds of assessment and reassessment.D.is favored by those who see traditional cost-benefit analysis as inappropriate.

One central idea of the passage is: one person can have a great deal of influence through activism.Which sentence explains how the central idea FIRST emerges in the text?A It is introduced with statistics about Africa's carbon emissions in paragraph 1.B It becomes evident with the introduction of Vanessa Nakate's background in paragraph 2.C It becomes clear with the connection between climate change and Ugandan survival in paragraph 3.D It is stated in Vanessa Nakate's argument that the press is not reporting on the climate change issue in paragraph 6.

Unpack the geographical issue of Climate Change. What are the economic, environmental, social, cultural, and political implications?