A 72-year-old man just returned from the cancer clinic after receiving the first dose of chemotherapy against lung cancer. His blood biochemical results are:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium124135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium3.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride9095 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2522 – 32 mmol/LUrea3.63.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine4740 – 90 μmol/LHow would you explain his low sodium result? Predict his urine osmolality.Group of answer choicesSyndrome of inappropriate ADH (siADH); low urine osmolalityTumour lysis syndrome; low urine osmolalityTumour lysis syndrome; high urine osmolalitySyndrome of inappropriate ADH (siADH); high urine osmolali

A 36-year-old man presents with the following blood biochemistry results:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium146135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium6.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride10895 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2222 – 32 mmol/LUrea36.63.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine37740 – 90 μmol/LeGFR50> 90 ml/min/1.73m2Considering the abnormal results, what is the likely diagnosis for this patient?Group of answer choicesHe has acute kidney diseaseHe is on thiazide diureticsHe has metabolic acidosisHe has chronic diarrhea

A 48-year-old man felt drowsy. He was alone at home on a warm Australia Day long weekend. He collapsed in the backyard and was fortunately discovered by his son later. He was sent to the Emergency department. His blood biochemical results are:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium158135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium5.53.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride11895 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2922 – 32 mmol/LFasting glucose3.83.6 – 5.5 mmol/L* Note: Urine osmolality is normalWhat is the likely reason explaining his high sodium result?Group of answer choicesExcessive loss of body fluidDiabetes insipidusOsmotic diuresis due to diabetes mellitusAddison’s disease

The following blood test result contains the measured values of ten blood constituents and their “normal” reference range. Component Value Reference Range Na+ 130 135-145 mmol/L K+ 3 3.5 – 5.5 mmol/L Ca+ 2.31 2.25 – 2.65 mmol/L Cl- 101 95 – 110 mmol/L Cholesterol 190 120 -199 mg/dL Protein 75 60 – 82 g/L Glucose 84 70-120 mg/dL Erythrocyte 5.6 x 1012 4.7-6.1 x 1012/L pH 7.31 7.35 – 7.45 CO2 58 35 – 45 mmHg Question 1. Categorise each of the ten (10) blood constituents in the table above as atom, ion (measurement of ion), molecule, macromolecule, or cell (5 marks)

A 30-year-old man was administered in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department of a metropolitan hospital. He appeared partially conscious and extremely weak. His biochemical blood results are:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium121135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium5.63.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride8695 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate1922 – 32 mmol/LUrea10.93.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine9840 – 90 μmol/LSerum osmolality340275 – 295 mOsm/kgWhat could have explained his altered serum electrolytes and osmolality?Group of answer choicesHe has acute kidney injury (AKI)Uncontrolled hyperglycaemiaHe has Conn’s syndromeHe has chronic kidney injury (CKD)

A male patient at 75 years old is worrying about his hypertension and consulted his family doctor. His blood biochemistry results show:Analyte (SERUM)Result Day 1Result Day 3Reference intervalSodium125120135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium2.52.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride869095 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate353222 – 32 mmol/LUrea7.07.23.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine908640 – 90 μmol/L* Urine sodium = 58 (<20 mmol/L in low sodium)In general, which medication may cause a decrease in serum potassium?Group of answer choicesPotassium-sparing diureticBeta-adrenergic blockerBeta-adrenergic agonistDigoxin