Road Infrastructure Readiness for Autonomous VehiclesCiteDownload (1.93 MB)ShareEmbed+ CollectThesis posted on 2019-08-15, 19:45 authored by Tariq Usman Saeed

Highlights•The paper reviews recent studies on the effects of automated vehicles on the physical road environment.•Thirteen key topics regarding the effects of AVs have been identified.•Predicted required changes and challenges related to road infrastructure are presented.•Recommendations for future research directions are outlined.AbstractAutomated vehicles (AVs) have received intense attention in academia and industry around the world in recent years, but the imminent introduction of AVs brings new challenges and opportunities for transportation networks and built environments. It is important to understand the potential infrastructure-related requirements of AVs and their impact on road infrastructure in order to assess the readiness of the existing road network and prepare plans for future roads. This paper seeks to address what the implications of automated vehicles will likely be for the road infrastructure based on a comprehensive literature review. To investigate this issue, two broad questions were framed: What are the potential effects of AVs on physical road infrastructure; and What do AVs require from road infrastructure for safe driving. A total of thirteen key topics around infrastructure have been identified from the existing literature regarding vehicle automation that needs to be considered during either the initial phase of deployment or transition to full automation. In the light of the identified topics, the paper presents potential changes and challenges, making recommendations for future research directions to ensure a safe and efficient operation.

Journal of Physics: ConferenceSeriesPAPER • OPEN ACCESSA systematic review: Road infrastructurerequirement for Connected and AutonomousVehicles (CAVs)To cite this article: Yuyan Liuet al 2019J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1187 042073View the article online for updates and enhancements

Published under licence by IOP Publishing LtdISPECEIOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1187 (2019) 042073IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1742-6596/1187/4/0420731A systematic review: Road infrastructure requirement forConnected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs)Yuyan Liu1,2, Miles Tight2, Quanxin Sun1 and Ruiyu Kang31School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044,China2School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UnitedKingdom3Drycoolers Inc, Oxford MI 48371, United StateE-mail: [email protected]. There is currently a significant worldwide interest in Connected and AutonomousVehicles (CAVs), not least for the reason that their realisation and implementation wouldtransform the nature of transportation and provide new impetus for social and economic change.However, the road to support CAVs has not been well prepared, at the risk of leaving potentialbarriers to CAVs deployment. This paper, therefore, focuses on the gap between current statusand future requirements of CAV-compliant road infrastructures, summarizes the possibilities ofupgrades, and proposes a three-phase road infrastructure upgrade plan that evolves over time.The first phase is maintenance, followed by a segregated-infrastructure expansion phase leadingto phase three which involves the application of simplified standard. The paper is based on anextensive literature review and evidence synthesis and is intended as a stimulus for future studyand further debate. For objectiveness, the proposal is general but would need to be refined, whenput into practice, to cater for specific implementation contexts.1. IntroductionConnected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) use a variety of devices including radar, lidar, camerasas sensors, to perceive their surroundings [1]. However, current shortcomings in the perception processmay need to be overcome through well-prepared road infrastructure [2]. Otherwise, the realisation of afuture with increased mobility for disabled people, a reduction of road accidents caused by human errorand the mitigation of pollution as well as congestion could remain but a distant aspiration.Currently, the research into road infrastructure to support CAVs is still in its infancy. Even thoughsome reports and white papers containing ‘scattered views’ are slowly being released along with today’sCAVs testing projects (e.g. TSC in the UK), the planning and guidance documents used by the highwayauthorities (e.g. DMRB and WebTAG in the UK) have not taken CAVs into account yet [3]. Therefore,the aim of this paper is to assess the requirement for existing road infrastructure to support CAVs. andthe review question is proposed as:• How should the road infrastructure be upgraded to accommodate and support CAVs?Following on from the Introduction, the paper is laid out as follows: Section 2 provides essentialbackground information of both CAVs and the road. Section 3 is the detailed literature review process,followed by Section 4, which summarises the literature findings into two categories, namely the

Electric vehicle readiness and infrastructure

Beyond these direct benefits, wecan consider the wider implications for transport and society, and howmanufacturing processes might need to respond as a result. At present, theaverage car spends more than 90 percent of its life parked. Automation meansthat initiatives for car-sharing become much more viable, particularly in urbanareas with significant travel demand. If a significant proportion of thepopulation choose to use shared automated vehicles, mobility demand can be metby far fewer vehicles.The Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology investigated automated mobility in Singapore, finding that fewerthan 30 percent of the vehicles currently used would be required if fullyautomated car sharing could be implemented. If this is the case, it might meanthat we need to manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand. However, thenumber of trips being taken would probably increase, partly because emptyvehicles would have to be moved from one customer to the next.QuestionWhat potential challenge is mentioned regarding the increased use ofshared automated vehicles in urban areas?Answer areaLimited travel demand.Difficulty in implementing automated systems.Increased manufacturing costs.The need to move empty vehicles between customers.