Journal of Physics: ConferenceSeriesPAPER • OPEN ACCESSA systematic review: Road infrastructurerequirement for Connected and AutonomousVehicles (CAVs)To cite this article: Yuyan Liuet al 2019J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1187 042073View the article online for updates and enhancements

Published under licence by IOP Publishing LtdISPECEIOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1187 (2019) 042073IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1742-6596/1187/4/0420731A systematic review: Road infrastructure requirement forConnected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs)Yuyan Liu1,2, Miles Tight2, Quanxin Sun1 and Ruiyu Kang31School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044,China2School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UnitedKingdom3Drycoolers Inc, Oxford MI 48371, United StateE-mail: [email protected]. There is currently a significant worldwide interest in Connected and AutonomousVehicles (CAVs), not least for the reason that their realisation and implementation wouldtransform the nature of transportation and provide new impetus for social and economic change.However, the road to support CAVs has not been well prepared, at the risk of leaving potentialbarriers to CAVs deployment. This paper, therefore, focuses on the gap between current statusand future requirements of CAV-compliant road infrastructures, summarizes the possibilities ofupgrades, and proposes a three-phase road infrastructure upgrade plan that evolves over time.The first phase is maintenance, followed by a segregated-infrastructure expansion phase leadingto phase three which involves the application of simplified standard. The paper is based on anextensive literature review and evidence synthesis and is intended as a stimulus for future studyand further debate. For objectiveness, the proposal is general but would need to be refined, whenput into practice, to cater for specific implementation contexts.1. IntroductionConnected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) use a variety of devices including radar, lidar, camerasas sensors, to perceive their surroundings [1]. However, current shortcomings in the perception processmay need to be overcome through well-prepared road infrastructure [2]. Otherwise, the realisation of afuture with increased mobility for disabled people, a reduction of road accidents caused by human errorand the mitigation of pollution as well as congestion could remain but a distant aspiration.Currently, the research into road infrastructure to support CAVs is still in its infancy. Even thoughsome reports and white papers containing ‘scattered views’ are slowly being released along with today’sCAVs testing projects (e.g. TSC in the UK), the planning and guidance documents used by the highwayauthorities (e.g. DMRB and WebTAG in the UK) have not taken CAVs into account yet [3]. Therefore,the aim of this paper is to assess the requirement for existing road infrastructure to support CAVs. andthe review question is proposed as:• How should the road infrastructure be upgraded to accommodate and support CAVs?Following on from the Introduction, the paper is laid out as follows: Section 2 provides essentialbackground information of both CAVs and the road. Section 3 is the detailed literature review process,followed by Section 4, which summarises the literature findings into two categories, namely the

Highlights•The paper reviews recent studies on the effects of automated vehicles on the physical road environment.•Thirteen key topics regarding the effects of AVs have been identified.•Predicted required changes and challenges related to road infrastructure are presented.•Recommendations for future research directions are outlined.AbstractAutomated vehicles (AVs) have received intense attention in academia and industry around the world in recent years, but the imminent introduction of AVs brings new challenges and opportunities for transportation networks and built environments. It is important to understand the potential infrastructure-related requirements of AVs and their impact on road infrastructure in order to assess the readiness of the existing road network and prepare plans for future roads. This paper seeks to address what the implications of automated vehicles will likely be for the road infrastructure based on a comprehensive literature review. To investigate this issue, two broad questions were framed: What are the potential effects of AVs on physical road infrastructure; and What do AVs require from road infrastructure for safe driving. A total of thirteen key topics around infrastructure have been identified from the existing literature regarding vehicle automation that needs to be considered during either the initial phase of deployment or transition to full automation. In the light of the identified topics, the paper presents potential changes and challenges, making recommendations for future research directions to ensure a safe and efficient operation.

Road Infrastructure Readiness for Autonomous VehiclesCiteDownload (1.93 MB)ShareEmbed+ CollectThesis posted on 2019-08-15, 19:45 authored by Tariq Usman Saeed

As the advancement of driverless technology, together with information and communication technology moved at a fast pace, autonomous vehicles have attracted great attention from both industries and academic sectors during the past decades. It is evident that this emerging technology has great potential to improve the pedestrian safety on roads, mitigate traffic congestion, increase fuel efficiency, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is limited systematic research into the applications and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesise and analyse existing research on the applications, implications, and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system. It is found that autonomous vehicles are the future of road transportation and that the negative perception of humans is rapidly changing towards autonomous vehicles. Moreover, to fully deploy autonomous vehicles in a road transportation system, the existing road transportation infrastructure needs significant improvement. This systematic literature review contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of autonomous vehicles and will assist transportation researchers and urban planners to understand the fundamental and conceptual framework of autonomous vehicle technologies in road transportation systems.

81.A(n) _________ is a street or roadway designed to allow vehicle traffic to reach the rear or side entrance of buildings in urban areas They are NOT intended to be used by through traffic.A. County RoadB. AlleyC. Arterial StreetD. Controlled-Access Highway82.You can allow yourself more time to react by slowing down and __________.A. Keep your eyes focused on focal points that are in the immediate vicinity of your vehicleB. Looking further ahead (i.e.--choosing a focal point that is further away from your vehicle, but one you can still see clearly)C. Sipping coffee or soda while drivingD. Riding the brake83.A yellow-painted curb means _______________________.A. May park to drop off mailB. You may park there for a limited period of time (it's often painted on the curb or posted on a nearby sign)C. May never park (or stop) thereD. May stop only long enough to pick up or unload passengers or freight; noncommercial drivers are typically required to stay with their vehicle.84.Vehicles with automatic transmissions usually get better gas mileage than vehicles with manual (or standard) transmissions.A. TrueB. False85.Most accidents involving a bicycle and a motor vehicle occur _______________.A. When roads are slipperyB. During nighttime hoursC. At or near curvesD. In the daytime on dry, straight roads86.Glare can result from _________________.A. Dirt or streaks on car windowsB. The design of your carC. Items sitting on the dashboardD. All of the above87."Overdriving your headlights" means _________________.A. Unnecessarily having your headlights turned on (even when conditions do not require it)B. Unnecessarily using your high-beam headlights when your low-beams would sufficeC. Driving at a speed that requires braking distance greater than the area that is illuminated by your headlightsD. Shifting into Overdrive (OD) when your headlights are on.88.When making a left turn (and assuming there are no designated turn lanes), you should turn from the __________ into the ____________.A. Center lane; Furthest Left LaneB. Furthest Left Lane; Furthest Right LaneC. Furthest Right Lane; Furthest Left LaneD. Furthest Left Lane; Furthest Left Lane89.An example of a city-driving hazard would be _________________.A. Event traffic for a sporting event or performanceB. Heavy pedestrian trafficC. Buses stopping to to pick up and drop off passengersD. All of the above90.A school crossing sign is shaped like a _____________ and is usually flourescent green in color.A. DiamondB. CircleC. TriangleD. Pentagon91.The following safety item helps protect drivers and passengers from getting a whiplash:A. Seat BeltsB. Head RestraintsC. Air BagsD. All of the above92.Who has the authority to revoke your permit for any reason by submitting a form to the DDS while you are a minor?A. Your driving instructorB. Your parent/legal guardian (i.e.--the person who signed your permit application)C. Your school principalD. Any of the above93.A blue-colored curb indicates that you _________________.A. May park there briefly in order to drop off mail or pick up/drop-off passengersB. May NOT park there at ANY timeC. May park there for a fee (a parking meter or parking attendant will be present)D. May not park there without a license plate or placard indicating you are a disabled driver94.If you are on a collision course with an animal on the road, the Georgia DDS recommends ___________ to avoid hitting the animal.A. SwervingB. Against swerving95.Which of the following is an example of when you should use your vehicle's horn?A. To say hello to a friend you see walking on the sidewalkB. Another vehicle which is turning left from a side road on the right is partially blocking your lane as the driver waits for a clear opening to move into opposite-flowing trafficC. You see someone holding a political sign with your preferred candidate's name on itD. A vehicle that's about 2-3 feet in front of you begins pulling into your lane from another lane.96.Every 30,000 miles, you should have your car serviced by a reputable mechanic. It is time to replace both the engine air and fuel filters, inspect the accessory drive belts, and ______________.A. Inspect brake componentsB. Drain and replace the engine coolantC. Perform automatic or manual transmission serviceD. All of the above97.If you need to turn right and the light is a solid red, you ____________________.A. Must come to a complete stop and wait for the light to turn greenB. Must come to a complete stop and then you may turn, while yielding to cross traffic, bicyclists, and pedestrians moving on their green light or walk signC. Should treat the red light as you would a YIELD sign, yielding to cross traffic and completely stopping only if necessaryD. None of the above98.The proper hand signal to indicate your vehicle is stopping is ______________.A. Extending your arm straight out the windowB. Extending your arm out the window with your elbow bent so your hand points downwards towards the roadC. Extending your arm out the window with your elbow bent so your hand points upwards towards the skyD. Holding your hand up inside your vehicle, just below your rear-view mirror99.The alternator and alternator belt are part of your vehicle's ______________.A. Suspension systemB. Ignition systemC. Fuel systemD. Electrical system100.When you come upon a school bus stopped on either side of the road with flashing red lights, you __________.A. Stop for as long as the red lights are flashingB. Slow down and proceed with cautionC. Maintain your speedD. None of the above