The reinforcing effects of nicotine Group of answer choicesdepends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens.is equal to amphetamine or cocaine in intensity.depends on the α4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor.involves the β2, α4, and α6 subunits of the nicotinic receptor.Both A and D

Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated byMultiple Choicealcohol.heroin.cocaine.marijuana.

Homeostatic regulation of receptor levels often forms the basis of addiction. In Ralph's case the increased release of dopamine caused a progressive Multiple Choiceincrease in dopamine receptors in dopaminergic postsynaptic membranes.decrease in dopamine receptor numbers in dopaminergic postsynaptic membranes.increase in the levels of dopamine neurotransmitter release.

Select the correct statement(s).Group of answer choicesDopamine is involved in the pathogenesis of addiction and dependence.Apart from its enzymatic degradation, acetylcholine may also be taken up by the presynaptic terminal and get recycled.The effect of acetylcholine is terminated by the activity of the enzyme called acetylcholinesterase.Decreased functional availability of acetylcholine, serotonin, and glutamate has all been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression.

Nicotine increases the levels of a dopamine in the brain which interacts with the brain’s reward system and motivates some people to use nicotine again and again, inspite of the possible risks to their health and well-being. True False

Nicotine affects the development of teenage brain circuits that control attention and learning, increasing the risks of mood disorders and permanent problems with impulse control. True False