Aniline to chlorobenzene

To convert Aniline to Chlorobenzene, you can follow these steps:

1. Acetylation of Aniline: Aniline reacts with acetic anhydride to form acetanilide. This is done to protect the amino group in aniline.

   Aniline + (CH3CO)2O → CH3CONHC6H5 + CH3COOH

2. Nitration of Acetanilide: Acetanilide is then nitrated to form p-nitroacetanilide. This is done by reacting acetanilide with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.

   CH3CONHC6H5 + HNO3 → CH3CONHC6H4NO2 + H2O

3. Reduction of p-nitroacetanilide: p-nitroacetanilide is then reduced to p-aminobenzene. This is done by reacting p-nitroacetanilide with tin and hydrochloric acid.

   CH3CONHC6H4NO2 + 6[H] → CH3CONHC6H4NH2 + 2H2O

4. Hydrolysis of p-aminobenzene: p-aminobenzene is then hydrolyzed to form p-aminophenol. This is done by reacting p-aminobenzene with water in the presence of acid or base.

   CH3CONHC6H4NH2 + H2O → C6H5NH2 + CH3COOH

5. Sandmeyer Reaction: The amino group of aniline is replaced by a chlorine atom using the Sandmeyer reaction. This is done by reacting aniline with nitrous acid to form a diazonium salt, which is then reacted with copper(I) chloride to form chlorobenzene.

   C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl → C6H5N2+Cl- + 2H2O C6H5N2+Cl- + CuCl → C6H5Cl + N2 + Cu+

The final product is chlorobenzene.