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The state lottery board is examining the machine that randomly picks the lottery numbers. On each trial, the machine outputs a ball with one of the digits 0 through 9 on it. (The ball is then replaced in the machine.) The lottery board tested the machine for 500 trials and got the following results.Outcome 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Number of Trials 57 59 46 46 50 47 38 52 55 50Fill in the table below. Round your answers to the nearest thousandth.(a) From these results, compute the experimental probability of getting a 5 or 8.(b) Assuming that the machine is fair, compute the theoretical probability of getting a 5 or 8.(c) Assuming that the machine is fair, choose the statement below that is true:With a large number of trials, there might be a difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities, but the difference should be small.With a large number of trials, there must be no difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities.With a large number of trials, there must be a large difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities.

Question

The state lottery board is examining the machine that randomly picks the lottery numbers. On each trial, the machine outputs a ball with one of the digits 0 through 9 on it. (The ball is then replaced in the machine.) The lottery board tested the machine for 500 trials and got the following results.Outcome 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Number of Trials 57 59 46 46 50 47 38 52 55 50Fill in the table below. Round your answers to the nearest thousandth.(a) From these results, compute the experimental probability of getting a 5 or 8.(b) Assuming that the machine is fair, compute the theoretical probability of getting a 5 or 8.(c) Assuming that the machine is fair, choose the statement below that is true:With a large number of trials, there might be a difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities, but the difference should be small.With a large number of trials, there must be no difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities.With a large number of trials, there must be a large difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities.

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Solution

(a) To compute the experimental probability of getting a 5 or 8, you need to add the number of trials that resulted in a 5 or 8 and divide by the total number of trials. In this case, the number of trials that resulted in a 5 is 47 and the number of trials that resulted in an 8 is 55. So, the experimental probability is (47 + 55) / 500 = 0.204 or 20.4%.

(b) The theoretical probability of getting a 5 or 8, assuming the machine is fair, is 2/10 or 0.2 or 20% because there are 10 possible outcomes (0 through 9) and we are interested in 2 of them (5 and 8).

(c) The correct statement is: "With a large number of trials, there might be a difference between the experimental and theoretical probabilities, but the difference should be small." This is because, in theory, as the number of trials increases, the experimental probability should get closer to the theoretical probability. However, there can still be some small differences due to random variation.

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