Applications of AES:

what is an AED: , and what medical condition is it used for: ?

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a medical device used to send an electric shock to the heart after cardiac arrest.  A key component of the AED is the power source, or battery.  Batteries used in AEDs need to have a good charge-to-weight ratio; they must be safe and reliable as well as rechargeable.Two types of rechargeable batteries used in early models of AEDs are the lead storage (also called lead-acid) battery and the nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery.  These batteries consist of multiple electrochemical cells that are connected in series to deliver an electric potential between 9 V and 18 V.  A capacitor allows the AED to accumulate charge so that it can deliver between 300 V and 1,000 V.Some AEDs use a sealed lead storage battery.  Lead storage batteries are robust and hold a charge for a long time; however, they have a low energy-to-weight ratio.  Each lead storage unit has a cell potential Ecell of approximately 2.0 V, and a battery of four cells weighing 1,000 g can provide 30 W∙h of energy when discharged.Figure 1  Electron flow in a lead storage battery when discharging and chargingThe half-reactions for the anode and cathode of a discharging lead storage battery in 4 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are shown in Reactions 1 and 2, respectively:Pb(s)+HSO−4(aq)→PbSO4(s)+H+(aq)+2 e−Pb𝑠+HSO4-aq→PbSO4𝑠+H+aq+2 e-Reaction 1PbO2(s)+HSO−4(aq)+3 H+(aq)+2 e−→PbSO4(s)+2 H2O(l)PbO2s+HSO4-aq+3 H+aq+2 e-→PbSO4𝑠+2 H2O𝑙Reaction 2NiCd batteries have a greater energy-to-weight ratio than lead storage batteries but cannot hold as much charge.  Each NiCd cell has an Ecell of approximately 1.3 V, and a single-cell battery weighing 120 g can provide 7.2 W∙h of energy when discharged.The half-reactions at the anode and cathode for a discharging NiCd battery in KOH(aq) are shown in Reactions 3 and 4, respectively:Cd(s)+2 OH−(aq)→Cd(OH)2(s)+2 e−Cd𝑠+2 OH-aq→CdOH2𝑠+2 𝑒-Reaction 32 NiO2(s)+2 H2O(l)+2 e−→2 Ni(OH)2(s)+2 OH−(aq)2 NiO2s+2 H2O𝑙+2 e-→2 NiOH2𝑠+2 OH-aqReaction 4 Question 11If a single-cell lead storage battery in an AED is charging, it is operating as a(n):A.galvanic cell with a positive Ecell.B.electrolytic cell with a negative Ecell.C.concentration cell with a negative Ecell.D.fuel cell with a positive Ecell.

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a medical device used to send an electric shock to the heart after cardiac arrest.  A key component of the AED is the power source, or battery.  Batteries used in AEDs need to have a good charge-to-weight ratio; they must be safe and reliable as well as rechargeable.Two types of rechargeable batteries used in early models of AEDs are the lead storage (also called lead-acid) battery and the nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery.  These batteries consist of multiple electrochemical cells that are connected in series to deliver an electric potential between 9 V and 18 V.  A capacitor allows the AED to accumulate charge so that it can deliver between 300 V and 1,000 V.Some AEDs use a sealed lead storage battery.  Lead storage batteries are robust and hold a charge for a long time; however, they have a low energy-to-weight ratio.  Each lead storage unit has a cell potential Ecell of approximately 2.0 V, and a battery of four cells weighing 1,000 g can provide 30 W∙h of energy when discharged.Figure 1  Electron flow in a lead storage battery when discharging and chargingThe half-reactions for the anode and cathode of a discharging lead storage battery in 4 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are shown in Reactions 1 and 2, respectively:Pb(s)+HSO−4(aq)→PbSO4(s)+H+(aq)+2 e−Pb𝑠+HSO4-aq→PbSO4𝑠+H+aq+2 e-Reaction 1PbO2(s)+HSO−4(aq)+3 H+(aq)+2 e−→PbSO4(s)+2 H2O(l)PbO2s+HSO4-aq+3 H+aq+2 e-→PbSO4𝑠+2 H2O𝑙Reaction 2NiCd batteries have a greater energy-to-weight ratio than lead storage batteries but cannot hold as much charge.  Each NiCd cell has an Ecell of approximately 1.3 V, and a single-cell battery weighing 120 g can provide 7.2 W∙h of energy when discharged.The half-reactions at the anode and cathode for a discharging NiCd battery in KOH(aq) are shown in Reactions 3 and 4, respectively:Cd(s)+2 OH−(aq)→Cd(OH)2(s)+2 e−Cd𝑠+2 OH-aq→CdOH2𝑠+2 𝑒-Reaction 32 NiO2(s)+2 H2O(l)+2 e−→2 Ni(OH)2(s)+2 OH−(aq)2 NiO2s+2 H2O𝑙+2 e-→2 NiOH2𝑠+2 OH-aqReaction 4 Question 14The passage states that a typical single-cell NiCd battery has an average cell potential of 1.3 V when discharged.  To charge a single-cell NiCd battery, the applied external potential must be:A.greater than 1.3 V.B.equal to 1.3 V.C.less than −1.3 V.D.equal to −1.3 V.

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a medical device used to send an electric shock to the heart after cardiac arrest.  A key component of the AED is the power source, or battery.  Batteries used in AEDs need to have a good charge-to-weight ratio; they must be safe and reliable as well as rechargeable.Two types of rechargeable batteries used in early models of AEDs are the lead storage (also called lead-acid) battery and the nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery.  These batteries consist of multiple electrochemical cells that are connected in series to deliver an electric potential between 9 V and 18 V.  A capacitor allows the AED to accumulate charge so that it can deliver between 300 V and 1,000 V.Some AEDs use a sealed lead storage battery.  Lead storage batteries are robust and hold a charge for a long time; however, they have a low energy-to-weight ratio.  Each lead storage unit has a cell potential Ecell of approximately 2.0 V, and a battery of four cells weighing 1,000 g can provide 30 W∙h of energy when discharged.Figure 1  Electron flow in a lead storage battery when discharging and chargingThe half-reactions for the anode and cathode of a discharging lead storage battery in 4 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are shown in Reactions 1 and 2, respectively:Pb(s)+HSO−4(aq)→PbSO4(s)+H+(aq)+2 e−Pb𝑠+HSO4-aq→PbSO4𝑠+H+aq+2 e-Reaction 1PbO2(s)+HSO−4(aq)+3 H+(aq)+2 e−→PbSO4(s)+2 H2O(l)PbO2s+HSO4-aq+3 H+aq+2 e-→PbSO4𝑠+2 H2O𝑙Reaction 2NiCd batteries have a greater energy-to-weight ratio than lead storage batteries but cannot hold as much charge.  Each NiCd cell has an Ecell of approximately 1.3 V, and a single-cell battery weighing 120 g can provide 7.2 W∙h of energy when discharged.The half-reactions at the anode and cathode for a discharging NiCd battery in KOH(aq) are shown in Reactions 3 and 4, respectively:Cd(s)+2 OH−(aq)→Cd(OH)2(s)+2 e−Cd𝑠+2 OH-aq→CdOH2𝑠+2 𝑒-Reaction 32 NiO2(s)+2 H2O(l)+2 e−→2 Ni(OH)2(s)+2 OH−(aq)2 NiO2s+2 H2O𝑙+2 e-→2 NiOH2𝑠+2 OH-aqReaction 4 Question 13Assume that a NiCd battery charges for a time (t) of 600 seconds with an applied current (I) of 5.0 A.  Which expression could be used to calculate the number of moles of Cd deposited on the cathode surface by electrolytic plating while charging?  (Note:  z = 2 mol e− / mol Cd, and F = 9.6 × 104 C / mol e−.)A.FzItB.FIztC.IFztD.ItFz

Which wireless standard made AES and CCM mandatory?