In the years before having her thyroid gland removed, a temporary decrease in Melissa's circulating thyroid hormone concentrations would have caused a compensatory response.  Within the endocrine axis that includes thyroid hormone, which tissue(s) would respond to a temporary reduction in thyroid hormone concentration?A.Hypothalamus onlyB.Adrenal onlyC.Pituitary onlyD.Hypothalamus and pituitarySubmit

Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it’s a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is a hormone Kristin will need to be supplemented with?Multiple ChoiceCalcitoninCholecalciferolTriiodothyronineThyroxine

Melissa, a medical student, noticed a small lump in her neck while putting on a necklace during her honeymoon.  Following ultrasound imaging and biopsy of her thyroid, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer and underwent thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland).  During the procedure, Melissa's surgeon removed her entire thyroid gland while avoiding nearby blood vessels and nerves in her neck.  In addition, the surgeon cut her parathyroid glands into smaller pieces and embedded them in the sternocleidomastoid muscles of her neck.Following the surgery, Melissa was prescribed daily calcitriol (the most active form of vitamin D) and levothyroxine (synthetic thyroid hormone).  The levothyroxine was prescribed at a dose intended to result in hyperthyroidism (ie, a thyroid hormone concentration that is above the normal range).  Such dosing has been shown to slow the growth of some types of thyroid cancer cells that may remain after surgery.  After a week, Melissa's daily calcitriol was replaced with a less active form of vitamin D.At a follow-up visit, Melissa asked her endocrinologist whether her levothyroxine dose would need to be adjusted if she became pregnant.  In addition, she expressed concerns about her long-term bone health and asked about obtaining a prescription for calcitonin.  During their discussion of bone health, Melissa's endocrinologist discussed a clinical trial in which women with below-normal bone density were treated with daily injections of either placebo or parathyroid hormone (PTH).  The PTH injections were designed to result in a short-lived peak in blood PTH concentration and were accompanied by increases in hip and spine bone density of 44 mg/cm2 and 80 mg/cm2, respectively.Biello A, Kinberg EC, Wirtz ED. Thyroidectomy. [Updated 2022 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Question 6During a follow-up visit after her thyroidectomy, Melissa asked to be prescribed calcitonin along with her other medications and supplements.  She likely made this request because:Hyperthyroidism can lead to excessive stimulation of many processes, including bone resorption.Calcitonin promotes iodine use for parathyroid hormone production.Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland.Calcitriol is the most active form of vitamin D for stimulating intestinal calcium absorption.A.I and II onlyB.III and IV onlyC.I, II, and III onlyD.I, III, and IV only

Patient A went for a blood test during a check-up. The blood test results showed elevated levels of thyroid hormones. Which of the following would occur to help regulate Patient A’s thyroid hormone levels? Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamusIncreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland and hypothalamusIncreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamusDecreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland

Removal of the anterior pituitary gland would affect the functioning of which gland(s) or structure(s)?Multiple ChoiceAdrenal medullaPancreatic islet cellsThyroid glandParathryoid glands

Which of the following is a major effect of thyroid hormone?Multiple choice question.Decrease oxygen consumptionDecrease blood glucoseDecrease food intakePromote heat-generating (metabolic) reactions