Use the source to answer the question.Most historians point to Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) and his novel [original] ideas regarding the movement of the earth as the starting point of the Scientific Revolution. In the early 1500s, Copernicus, through study and reasoning, concluded that the earth and planets revolved around the sun. This heliocentric (sun-centered) theory was in stark contrast to the traditional geocentric (earth-centered) theory. For over a thousand years people had believed the Church’s teachings that the earth was the center of the universe.... In the Middle Ages, scholars... placed the earth at the center of the universe....Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630), a mathematician, supported the Copernican theory by demonstrating with his calculations that the planets did, indeed, move around the sun. About the same time, the brilliant Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) challenged the Church’s geocentric teachings. Galileo constructed a telescope, observed the heavens, and noted that Jupiter had four moons revolving around it — thus not everything revolved around Earth as believed. He also observed that the moon’s surface was rough and uneven, not smooth and unblemished as Aristotle had proposed....The steps taken by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo eventually evolved into what we call the scientific method. The scientific method involves posing a question, formulating a hypothesis, performing experiments, and analyzing the results. Reason, mathematics, and observation — the steps used by Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo in proving the heliocentric theory — are integral parts of this method.— Sara Drogin, A Short History of Western Civilization Which three statements describe advances made during the time period discussed in this source?ResponsesThe microscope helped improve agricultural practices.The microscope helped improve agricultural practices. ,The telescope allowed the observation of planetary movements.The telescope allowed the observation of planetary movements. ,Scientists accepted proof of the traditional beliefs about the universe.Scientists accepted proof of the traditional beliefs about the universe. ,Systematic observation led to the development of the scientific method.Systematic observation led to the development of the scientific method. ,Many new inventions resulted in more effective technology.Many new inventions resulted in more effective technology. ,The astrolabe was adapted to help predict the seasons.

The Scientific Revolution began with the work of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. His work led to a new view of the universe.For nearly two thousand years, most people considered Earth the center of the universe. According to this geocentric theory, the sun, stars, and planets—everything believed to be the universe—traveled around a motionless Earth. Aristotle had taught this theory. The Bible also seemed to support it since, in one Bible story, God stops the sun from moving across the sky. Additionally, the geocentric theory seemed to make obvious sense because the sun and stars do appear to travel around Earth.Aristotle had also taught that all heavenly bodies move in circles. Unfortunately, this belief made it difficult to explain the observed movements of planets, such as Mars and Jupiter. In the 2nd century C.E., Ptolemy created a complicated theory to account for this.Both ancient and medieval writers, including Muslim scientists, found problems with Ptolemy's theory. In the early 1500s, Copernicus tackled these issues when he used observations and mathematics to propose a very different idea. According to his heliocentric theory, Earth and the other planets travel in orbits around the sun, which is at the center of this solar system. Earth also turns on its own axis every 24 hours, explaining why heavenly objects seem to move around Earth.Like Ptolemy, Copernicus had trouble predicting the movement of planets with perfect accuracy, but he still believed his theory was simpler and more satisfying than Ptolemy's. In 1543, he described his idea in a published book. However, the book convinced very few people and was even attacked by some Church officials and scientists.Then, in the early 1600s, German scientist Johannes Kepler expanded on Copernicus's theory. After studying detailed observations, Kepler realized that the orbits of the planets were ovals, not circles. With this insight, he wrote precise mathematical laws describing the planets' movements around the sun.Kepler's laws coincided beautifully with actual observations, proving that the Copernican theory was correct. Once the theory was accepted, people would never again hold the same view of Earth's place in the universe.

The beginning of modern astronomy can be traced back to Nicolaus Copernicus and his book, On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. What theory did Copernicus promote in this book, which was in conflict with the teachings of the Catholic Church? A. The Earth’s wobble on its axis produced seasonal changes. B. Planets rotated on mini-orbits around the Earth. C. The Earth was not the center of the universe. D. The center of the universe is far beyond the stars.

Who proposed the heliocentric theory which states that the sun is the center of the universe.Group of answer choicesGalileiAristotleCopernicusDa Vinci

Who proposed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe?

eocentric theory: the sun, moon, and planets revolve around the earthHeliocentric theory: the earth, moon, and planets revolve around the sunWhich of the following best supports the Geocentric theory? A. Newton's theory of gravitational force B. Aristotle's teachings about planetary motion C. Kepler's rules on the elliptical motions of the planets D. Copernicus' idea that the Earth itself turns on an axis